“…On the other hand, the community-based approach is not a recent idea since it is widely used in various sectors such as community involvement in tourism (Kayat & Nor Ashikin, 2006;Butler & Hinch, 2007;Lau, Kabu, Lobang, 2019), environmental issues and river management (Mullikin & Smith, 2002;Wismer, 2005;Ablah et al, 2016;Commodore et al, 2017); conflict and natural disasters (Maskrey, 1989;UNHCR, 2008;Kelman & Mercer, 2014;De la Poterie & Baudoin, 2015;Acosta et. al 2018;Abdul Rahman, 2018;Shafiei Moghaddam et al, 2023); health programme (South, et al, 2019;Shafiei Moghaddam et al, 2023) and urban development (Vidal, 1995;Supriyanto et al, 2021). Several other studies argue there is a need for the inclusion of the relevant stakeholders in the issue of river sanitation to alleviate river contamination (Piper, 2005;Weng, 2005;Carr, 2015;Sten Hansen & Mäenpää, 2008;Ismail et al, 2011;Sen, 2016;Saenchat, et al 2019;Ouyang, et al 2020).…”