Commute Equilibrium for Mixed Networks with Autonomous Vehicles and Traditional Vehicles

Abstract

Recent development of autonomous vehicle (AV) provides new travel opportunities for citizens, and traditional vehicles (TVs) will still be used for a long time. Therefore, it is highly possible that both AVs and TVs will be used as travel modes in a city. In a transportation system with both AVs and TVs, the traffic pattern is worthy of studying. This paper investigates user equilibrium traffic pattern based on the traditional bottleneck model considering AVs and TVs. For both TVs and AVs, travel costs include queuing delay and schedule delay. However, they also have different components of travel costs; more specifically, for AVs, passengers have to pay a riding fare, and, for TVs, travelers encounter a walking time cost after parking their cars. For different combinations of travel demands and riding fare of AVs, analytical solutions of three different user equilibrium traffic patterns are obtained. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the analytical models. Sensitivity analyses are examined to show the impacts of AV's time-dependent fee and trip-based fixed fee on the traffic pattern and travel costs.

Optimal Design of Transportation Networks with Automated Vehicle Links and Congestion Pricing

“…Chen et al [13] indicated that there are potential benefits of AVs to increase traffic safety, driver productivity, road capacity, and travel speed. Ji et al [17] pointed out that connected AVs can be easily operated due to the application of information technology in AVs.…”

Parking Management Efficiency Analysis through Various Charge Schemes for Day-Long Commuting considering Elastic Travel Demand

“…Following the study of Geroliminis [14], Liu and Geroliminis [15] explored how the interactions between cruising for parking and congestion reshape the morning commuting considering travelers' scheduling cost and time of departure choice. Ji et al [16] considered the parking behavior of mixed autonomous and traditional vehicles in a bottleneck and investigated the effect of fare rate of autonomous vehicles. Jiang [17] found that automatic driving can substantially reduce the queuing delay at the intersection bottlenecks.…”

“…According to (16) and 19, we can find that the midday time Δ cannot affect the total individual travel cost of daylong commuting and the total system cost. However, the midday time can determine the ratio of morning commuting individual travel cost ( ) (or evening commuting) to the total individual travel cost ( ) + ( ).…”

“…The two pricing schemes have the same and optimal starting time and ending time in evening and morning commutes. In the evening commuting, the optimal starting and ending times of rush time of regimes and are 16 The road toll of first commuter in regime is 1.45$ and the road toll of last commuter is zero. The commuter who departs from workplace at 17:00 should pay for the maximum road toll 12.79$ in regime and the maximum road toll 11.62$ in regime .…”

Modeling the Morning Commute Problem in a Bottleneck Model Based on Personal Perception

“…In previous studies, travelers choose their own departure time by trade-off between waiting time and the schedule delay [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. But, in real life, travelers measure the effect of those practical factors [9][10][11][12][13]; their personal subjective judgment also plays a considerable role.…”