Compact ka-band bi-directional amplifier for low-cost electronic scanning array antenna

Multi-function reconfigurable microwave component based on a switchable FET circuit

“…The multi-function FET-reconfigurable proposed in this paper uses the four-state switchable common-gate FET circuit [1], [2] shown in Fig. 2(a).…”

“…More operation modes between the different ports are achievable between the three ports of the component, as will be shown next. Figure 6 shows the switchable attenuator operation based on sub-states of states (1) and (2) in Tab. II with V x = 0.6 V. …”

“…|Smn | (dB) |S mn | for state(1) |S mn | for state (2) Switchable attenuator operation based on sub-states of states (1) and(2) in Tab. II for Vx = 0.6 V; m, n = 1, 2, 3.…”

An X-band Bi-Directional Transmit/Receive Module for a Phased Array System in 65-nm CMOS

“…Typically, CMOS T/R modules must perform the agile control of gain, amplitude, and phase to steer the antenna beam accurately [19,20]. Therefore, they consist of a phase shifter and attenuator blocks, and a bi-directional gain amplifier (BDGA) to compensate for the insertion loss due to the CMOS switches in the passive control blocks [21,22]. Realizing TRMs in standard CMOS technology offers many advantages, but is still a challenging task, especially in achieving low-loss switches with MOS.…”

Switchless bidirectional amplifier for wireless communication systems

“…Switching times of commercial available bidirectional amplifiers can be as high as 2 ms [1], causing a loss of more than 100 bits. Another switching concept is presented in [3] and [4]. There, bidirectional amplifiers realized as monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) bias a transistor circuit in such a way that it amplifies either in the one or the other direction.…”