Comparative Analysis of Circulating Levels of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Inflammatory Mediators in Healthcare Workers and COVID-19 Patients

de-Oliveira-Pinto, Luzia Maria; Solórzano, Victor Edgar Fiestas; Martins, Maria de Lourdes; Fernandes-Santos, Caroline; Damasco, Paula Hesselberg; Siqueira, Marilda Agudo Mendonça Teixeira de; Dias, Helver Gonçalves; Pauvolid‐Corrêa, Alex; Damasco, Paulo Vieira; Azeredo, Elzinandes Leal de

doi:10.3390/v14030455

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…The ability of the AZD1222 vaccine to induce neutralizing antibody production after vaccination was demonstrated [35]. Although here, we did not show neutralizing antibody data in this study, a previous study from our group noted a positive correlation between IgG antibodies detected by the commercial ELISA kit and neutralizing antibody titers measured by the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), indicating that most antibodies detectable in patients by this kit are neutralizing [17]. Therefore, if we consider the bene ts of BAFF in developing the humoral response during infection, it could be interesting for COVID-19 vaccines to incorporate BAFF molecular adjuvants to increase protection by inducing a better humoral response.…”

Section: Study Approvalcontrasting

confidence: 47%

“…A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 and healthy individuals vaccinated with AZD1222 (ChAdOx nCoV-19, AstraZeneca) (Table 1). Two groups of COVID-19 patients were chosen: acute patients with COVID-19 were treated at Hospital Rede-Casa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between March and June 2020 [17], and the recovered group comprised patients who no longer presented clinical symptoms [18]. The 11 vaccine recipients received the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222).…”

Section: Study Design and Blood Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imprinting of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain infection compared to AZD1222 (ChAdOx nCoV-19) vaccination

Familiar-Macedo,

de Azeredo,

Lemos

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Understanding the behavior of B cell subsets in infections and vaccination is important to determine how protective humoral immunity is established. Here, we performed a cross-sectional study and evaluated subjects who were either acutely infected with SARS-CoV-2, recovered from COVID-19, or received two doses of the AZD1222 vaccine. PBMC collected from these subjects were subjected to in vitro stimulation with R848 + rIL-2 to promote terminal differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells (ASC), and the abundance of pan (irrespective of antigen specificity) and SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 domain-reactive IgG + ASC were evaluated using the ELISPOT method. Stimulated PBMCs were recovered from ELISPOT assays and further characterized using multiparametric flow cytometry. Moreover, culture supernatants from the ELISPOT assay were assessed for soluble B cell activating factors (BAFF, APRIL, and CD40L). Lastly, using a commercial ELISA kit, the abundance of IgA and IgG in plasma with specificity for the Spike 1 domain was evaluated in the groups. We showed that most recovered individuals display a robust Spike 1-specific ASC response compared to acute COVID-19 and those vaccinated. Although the frequency of total B cells or B-cell subsets did not vary when comparing the four groups, plasmablasts are commonly increased for naïve and double negative B-cells in the acute, recovered, and vaccinated groups. Considering the IgA and IgG production profile, similar IgA and IgG production appears to be present in acute and recovered patients. During vaccination, more IgG is produced than IgA. This could be due to the increased frequency of IgG + plasmablasts and IgG + memory B cells in acute cases and IgG + memory B cells in vaccinated patients. Furthermore, in acute patients, BAFF quantities were positively correlated with total B cells and IgG + plasmablasts but negatively correlated with IgA + plasmablasts. Our data suggest that vaccination and natural infection in COVID-19 induce a differential profile and functionality of B cells. Therefore, we recommend that new vaccines against COVID-19 incorporate molecular adjuvants that regulate B lymphocyte functionality, that they are more effective in inducing an ACS IgG + response to SARS-CoV-2 antigens and, consider the beneficial aspects of the IgA response in addition to the IgG.

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Section: Study Approvalcontrasting

confidence: 47%

Section: Study Design and Blood Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imprinting of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain infection compared to AZD1222 (ChAdOx nCoV-19) vaccination

Familiar-Macedo,

de Azeredo,

Lemos

et al. 2024

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…In a longer duration of SARS-CoV-2 infection, from 14 days to four weeks, CCL-2 levels were reported to be similar between severe and mild infection ( Xu et al, 2020 ; Zhao et al, 2020 ). De-Oliviera-Pinto et al reported no significant difference in CCL-2 levels between symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and also those who recovered ( De-Oliveira-Pinto et al, 2022 ). Similar to the findings, we found that the CCL-2 levels of mild-to-moderately SARS-CoV-2 infected pre-vaccinated individuals were significantly different compared to healthy, unexposed controls, but not with individuals recovered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine profiles of mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered pre-vaccinated individuals residing in Indonesia

Megasari,

Khairunisa,

Arizandy

et al. 2024

PeerJ

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Background Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of cytokine-mediated inflammation, in clinical severity and death related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially among pre-vaccinated individuals. An increased risk of death was also described among SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals, which might be correlated with prolonged inflammatory responses. Despite being among the countries with the highest cumulative deaths due to COVID-19, evidence regarding cytokine profiles among SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered pre-vaccinated individuals in Indonesia is scarce. Thus, this study aimed to describe the cytokines profiles of pre-vaccinated individuals residing in Indonesia, with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and those who recovered. Methods Sixty-one sera from 24 hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, 24 individuals recovered from asymptomatic-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 13 healthy controls unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 were used in this study. Quantification of serum cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, TNF-α, CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, and CXCL-13, was performed using a Luminex multi-analyte-profiling (xMAP)-based assay. Results The levels of IL-8 along with CCL-2 and CCL-4, were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) in hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovered individuals compared to healthy controls. However, no significant difference was observed in these cytokine levels between infected and recovered individuals. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in several other cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, CCL-3, and CXCL-13, among all groups. Conclusion IL-8, CCL-2, and CCL-4 were significantly elevated in pre-vaccinated Indonesian individuals with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and those who recovered. The cytokine profiles described in this study might indicate inflammatory responses not only among SARS-CoV-2 infected, but also recovered individuals.

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“…We found a higher frequency of IL-10 + Treg in unstimulated or Pool CoV-2-stimulated Mild Recovered PBMC compared to that in HC and Severe Recovered groups, strengthening the hypothesis of persistent immune changes after the resolution of infection ( 27 , 28 ). Although some studies correlate cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10 as predictors of COVID-19 severity, elevated IL-10 levels could act to moderate excessive inflammation even though it is not able to do so ( 29 – 31 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential regulatory T cell signature after recovery from mild COVID-19

Palmeira

Peixoto²,

Csordas³

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by a range of symptoms in which host immune response have been associated with disease progression. However, the putative role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in determining COVID-19 outcomes has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we compared peripheral Tregs between volunteers not previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 (healthy control [HC]) and volunteers who recovered from mild (Mild Recovered) and severe (Severe Recovered) COVID-19. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 synthetic peptides (Pool Spike CoV-2 and Pool CoV-2) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Results of a multicolor flow cytometric assay showed higher Treg frequency and expression of IL-10, IL-17, perforin, granzyme B, PD-1, and CD39/CD73 co-expression in Treg among the PBMC from the Mild Recovered group than in the Severe Recovered or HC groups for certain SARS-CoV-2 related stimulus. Moreover, Mild Recovered unstimulated samples presented a higher Tregs frequency and expression of IL-10 and granzyme B than did that of HC. Compared with Pool CoV-2 stimuli, Pool Spike CoV-2 reduced IL-10 expression and improved PD-1 expression in Tregs from volunteers in the Mild Recovered group. Interestingly, Pool Spike CoV-2 elicited a decrease in Treg IL-17+ frequency in the Severe Recovered group. In HC, the expression of latency-associated peptide (LAP) and cytotoxic granule co-expression by Tregs was higher in Pool CoV-2 stimulated samples. While Pool Spike CoV-2 stimulation reduced the frequency of IL-10+ and CTLA-4+ Tregs in PBMC from volunteers in the Mild Recovered group who had not experienced certain symptoms, higher levels of perforin and perforin+granzyme B+ co-expression by Tregs were found in the Mild Recovered group in volunteers who had experienced dyspnea. Finally, we found differential expression of CD39 and CD73 among volunteers in the Mild Recovered group between those who had and had not experienced musculoskeletal pain. Collectively, our study suggests that changes in the immunosuppressive repertoire of Tregs can influence the development of a distinct COVID-19 clinical profile, revealing that a possible modulation of Tregs exists among volunteers of the Mild Recovered group between those who did and did not develop certain symptoms, leading to mild disease.

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Comparative Analysis of Circulating Levels of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Inflammatory Mediators in Healthcare Workers and COVID-19 Patients

Cited by 7 publications

References 64 publications

Imprinting of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain infection compared to AZD1222 (ChAdOx nCoV-19) vaccination

Imprinting of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain infection compared to AZD1222 (ChAdOx nCoV-19) vaccination

Cytokine profiles of mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered pre-vaccinated individuals residing in Indonesia

Differential regulatory T cell signature after recovery from mild COVID-19

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