Comparative Analysis of Glucosinolate and Phenolic Compounds in Green and Red Kimchi Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Hairy Roots after Exposure to Light and Dark Conditions

Abstract

Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt (kimchi cabbage) is a major vegetable cultivated in Korea, and its hairy roots (HRs) are rich in glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to induce HRs from cotyledon explants via the transformation of the Agroacterium rhizogenes strain R1000 and examine the glucosinolate and phenolic compounds present in the HRs of two kimchi cabbage (green and red) cultivars after exposure to 16 h light/8 h dark conditions (photosynthetic photon flux density of 54.6 µmol m−2 s−1) and continuous dark conditions. The highest HR production was achieved in the green kimchi cabbage grown under dark conditions (0.37 ± 0.01 DW g/30 mL). The highest glucosinolate and phenolic contents were neoglucobrassicin and catechin hydrate, which were highest in the green kimchi HRs grown under dark (GKHD) conditions (5268.29 ± 292.84 µg/g DW) and green HRs grown under light (GKHL) conditions (203.49 ± 4.70 µg/g DW), respectively. A heat map showed that the red kimchi HRs grown under dark conditions (RKHD) and the GKHL condition accumulated the highest glucosinolate and phenolic contents. Principal component (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant (PLS-DA) analyses of the 13 identified metabolites showed a clear separation. According to a variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis, quercetin was the most important metabolite, leading to a clear separation. The most suitable conditions for enhancing the glucosinolate and phenolic contents were the GKHD and GKHL conditions, respectively, whereas both compounds were enhanced in the RKHD condition. HRs cultures cultivated under light and dark conditions are a promising method to enhance the production of specific health-promoting bioactive metabolites, which might be helpful in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.

Effect of LED Lights on Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activities in Red Pakchoi Baby Leaves

“…42 filter paper, the supernatant samples were transferred to new tubes and stored in vials for HPLC analysis. HPLC analysis and conditions were like those in a previous study . The retention times of the standard and spike tests were used to specify the peaks in the extract.…”

“…HPLC analysis and conditions were like those in a previous study. 20 The retention times of the standard and spike tests were used to specify the peaks in the extract. Also, quantification was performed through each calibration curve of 12 compounds ( Table S2 ).…”

“…Subsequently, the prepared solutions were filtered through a 0.45 μm syringe filter. HPLC analysis and conditions were like those in a previous study . The identification and quantification of seven glucosinolates were performed based on our database comparing retention times, and 0.1 mg/mL sinigrin was used as an external standard (Table S1).…”

Analysis of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Content in Sprouts of 7 Brassica rapa Subspecies

“…With some modifications, GSLs were extracted using previously reported procedures. 52 Briefly, 100 mg of a freeze-dried powdered sample was collected in a 2 mL Eppendorf tube, and 1.5 mL of methanol was added. For 5 min, the tubes were placed in a water bath at 70 °C.…”

Comparative Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Different In Vitro Tissues of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis

“…Galantamine is an alkaloid from the Amaryllidaceae family. It is a dibenzofuran-type base that has been found in several species of this family. , Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor galantamine is a powerful drug used worldwide to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer-type senile dementia. , The galantamine used in the medical field can be produced in two ways, total synthesis and extraction, using Amaryllidaceae plants. , Phenylpropanoids comprise a broad group of organic compounds that are synthesized by a combination of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine in plants. , Previous studies have reported that phenylpropanoids have various positive benefits for human health (helps to prevent diabetes, cancer, and heart disease) and pharmaceutical sectors. − …”