Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Inorganic and Organic Chemicals with Silver Nanoparticles on Soybean under Flooding Stress

Abstract

Extensive utilization of silver nanoparticles (NPs) in agricultural products results in their interaction with other chemicals in the environment. To study the combined effects of silver NPs with nicotinic acid and potassium nitrate (KNO3), a gel-free/label-free proteomic technique was used. Root length/weight and hypocotyl length/weight of soybean were enhanced by silver NPs mixed with nicotinic acid and KNO3. Out of a total 6340 identified proteins, 351 proteins were significantly changed, out of which 247 and 104 proteins increased and decreased, respectively. Differentially changed proteins were predominantly associated with protein degradation and synthesis according to the functional categorization. Protein-degradation-related proteins mainly consisted of the proteasome degradation pathway. The cell death was significantly higher in the root tips of soybean under the combined treatment compared to flooding stress. Accumulation of calnexin/calreticulin and glycoproteins was significantly increased under flooding with silver NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO3. Growth of soybean seedlings with silver NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO3 was improved under flooding stress. These results suggest that the combined mixture of silver NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO3 causes positive effects on soybean seedling by regulating the protein quality control for the mis-folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, it might improve the growth of soybean under flooding stress.

Review: Proteomic Techniques for the Development of Flood-Tolerant Soybean

“…It was shown that calcium ion in the root tip and cotyledon was induced by flooding, and calcium-related proteins such as calreticulin and pyruvate decarboxylase, which were associated with protein folding and pyruvate catabolism, responded to flooding [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. The deleterious effect of flooding was evident with cell death, which occurred in 2-day-old soybean exposed to flooding for 1 day and as long as 6 days [ 17 , 44 , 45 ]. Elucidation of cellular metabolism showed that protein metabolism [ 16 , 38 , 42 , 46 , 47 ], RNA metabolism [ 38 , 48 ], energy management [ 44 , 49 ], carbohydrate metabolism [ 50 , 51 ], and carbon-nitrogen flux [ 51 , 52 , 53 ] responded to flooding.…”

“…With regard to flooding-mediated energy metabolism, Al 2 O 3 -NPs with sizes of 30–60 nm played positive roles; however, particles of 5 and 135 nm posed negative effects, indicating that Al 2 O 3 -NPs with various sizes affected the membrane permeability of mitochondria and the activity of the TCA cycle [ 99 ]. In addition, soybean treated with a mixture of Ag-NPs, nicotinic acid, and KNO 3 displayed better growth than that treated with Ag-NPs alone, which was through regulation of activated protein quality control for misfolded proteins [ 45 ]. Collectively, these results indicate that NP treatment promotes soybean survival from flooding mainly through maintaining mitochondria function, which could alleviate the energy shortage and lipid oxidation induced by flooding stress.…”

“…Protein metabolism was shown to trigger flooding tolerance in soybean, and proteins including nascent polypeptide associated complex, chaperone proteins, as well as ATPase family AAA domain containing protein 1 were relevant to protein synthesis, folding, and degradation [ 38 , 42 , 45 , 127 ]. Nascent polypeptide associated complex accumulated in flood-tolerant materials compared with wild-type plants in response to initial flooding [ 38 ].…”

“…It interacted with polypeptides and worked as an integral component for protein folding, which occurred in the calnexin cycle with the help of an array of chaperone proteins [ 132 ]. In the calnexin cycle, chaperones of calnexin, calreticulin, and chaperone 20 increased in flood-tolerant materials [ 38 , 45 ]; however, inhibition of the calnexin cycle in flooded wild-type plants accelerated the accumulation of misfolded proteins, thereby promoting protein degradation. Degradation of misfolded proteins is critical to reestablish homeostasis equilibrium for protein metabolism [ 133 ].…”

Plant Proteomic Research 3.0: Challenges and Perspectives

“…Proteomic techniques are used in the identification of stress-responsive mechanism in plants under conditions such as salt [ 14 ], cold [ 19 ], flood [ 20 ], and wounding [ 21 ]. Wang et al [ 19 ] provided insights into the cold stress responses of early imbibed castor seeds: proteins confer cold tolerance by promoting protein synthesis, protect the cell against damage caused by cold stress, and facilitate resistance or adaptation to cold stress by the increased content of unsaturated fatty acid.…”