Comparative analysis of the immunologic response induced by the Sterne 34F2 live spore Bacillus anthracis vaccine in a ruminant model

Ndumnego, Okechukwu Chinazo; Köhler, Susanne M.; Crafford, Jan Ernst; Heerden, Henriëtte van; Beyer, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.06.005

Cited by 11 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“… a Sera collected at 17 weeks b Time to death (in days) of non-surviving mice; Mice injected with undiluted and diluted hyper-immune goat sera and challenged with spores from the Sterne 34F2 vaccine strain 24 h later and immune sera were diluted from 1:5 to 1:1000 c Sera collected from goats ( n = 3) receiving sterile saline only; all mice died within 3 days of challenge with B. anthracis Sterne strain d Sera sourced from goats ( n = 4) surviving virulent anthrax spores after two vaccinations with the Sterne live spore vaccine in a previous study [ 12 ] …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The animals were bled before the initial vaccination (week 0) and at week 4 and week 17. Positive control sera ( n = 4) were sourced from Boer goats which survived challenge with virulent anthrax spores after two vaccinations with the Sterne live spore vaccine in a previous study [ 12 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Briefly, serial diluted goat serum was incubated with PA and LF (List Biological Laboratories, USA) at concentrations of 500 and 400 ng/mL respectively before addition to overnight incubated macrophage cells. The following controls were added to each assay: a single dilution series of positive serum from a Sterne hyper-immunized goat which survived virulent challenge served as positive control [ 12 ], three wells (without cells) with medium and LT served as blanks, three wells (with cells) and LT served as toxin control and two wells with cells and culture media served as medium control. Cell viability was determined by reading the optical density (OD) at 540 nm after the addition of the MTT tetrazolium dye.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until recently the few studies on the immune response induced by the Sterne live spore vaccine in ruminants were done by Turnbull et al [ 10 ] and Shakya et al [ 11 ]. Ndumnego and Kohler et al [ 12 ] vaccinated Boer goats with one or two doses of Sterne 34F2 live spore vaccine and challenged them with fully virulent B. anthracis spores. All the goats receiving two vaccine doses survived virulent challenge whereas 60 and 80% of those vaccinated once survived.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of the mice passive protection test to evaluate the humoral response in goats vaccinated with Sterne 34F2 live spore vaccine

Phaswana

Ndumnego

Koehler

et al. 2017

Vet Res

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The Sterne live spore vaccine (34F2) is the most widely used veterinary vaccine against anthrax in animals. Antibody responses to several antigens of Bacillus anthracis have been described with a large focus on those against protective antigen (PA). The focus of this study was to evaluate the protective humoral immune response induced by the live spore anthrax vaccine in goats. Boer goats vaccinated twice (week 0 and week 12) with the Sterne live spore vaccine and naive goats were used to monitor the anti-PA and toxin neutralizing antibodies at week 4 and week 17 (after the second vaccine dose) post vaccination. A/J mice were passively immunized with different dilutions of sera from immune and naive goats and then challenged with spores of B. anthracis strain 34F2 to determine the protective capacity of the goat sera. The goat anti-PA ELISA titres indicated significant sero-conversion at week 17 after the second doses of vaccine (p = 0.009). Mice receiving undiluted sera from goats given two doses of vaccine (twice immunized) showed the highest protection (86%) with only 20% of mice receiving 1:1000 diluted sera surviving lethal challenge. The in vitro toxin neutralization assay (TNA) titres correlated to protection of passively immunized A/J mice against lethal infection with the vaccine strain Sterne 34F2 spores using immune goat sera up to a 1:10 dilution (rs ≥ 0.522, p = 0.046). This study suggests that the passive mouse protection model could be potentially used to evaluate the protective immune response in livestock animals vaccinated with the current live vaccine and new vaccines.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Use of the mice passive protection test to evaluate the humoral response in goats vaccinated with Sterne 34F2 live spore vaccine

Phaswana

Ndumnego

Koehler

et al. 2017

Vet Res

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“…subcutaneously vaccinated mice, as well as decades of vaccination history, parenteral inoculation with Sterne spores can protect an animal from anthrax, however the Sterne vaccine has never been thoroughly evaluated as an oral vaccine [12,16,17]. Thus, the current study compared the antibody response of subcutaneously inoculated versus orally administered Sterne spores in mice.…”

Section: Open Access Freely Available Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus anthracis Sterne Strain 34f2 Vaccine Antibody Dose Response by Subcutaneous and Oral Administration

Benn¹,

Chaki²,

Ficht³

et al. 2019

Poult Fish Wildl Sci

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Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) is a zoonotic disease endemic to environments worldwide. Spores, the dormant form of the bacteria, can survive for decades in nature's harshest environments and maintain their viability to cause disease. Outbreaks are common in free-ranging livestock and wildlife, thus making anthrax an economically and ecologically important disease. The currently available vaccine to protect livestock is a suspension of B. anthracis Sterne Strain 34F2 spores in saponin (Sterne vaccine). However, it is only available as a subcutaneous injection which is an impractical method of prevention for wildlife. Oral vaccination is the ideal method for free-ranging wildlife, but the Sterne vaccine has never been thoroughly evaluated for oral administration. The current study evaluated the antibody titers induced in mice by subcutaneous or oral vaccination with three different doses of the Sterne vaccine. Results described here show a gradual increase in antibody titers at each time point following subcutaneous vaccination with all vaccine doses. In contrast, no antibody response was detected from any dose or any time point after oral vaccination. Taken together, these results suggest that the Sterne vaccine is only effective as a subcutaneous injection and that an alternate oral anthrax vaccine formulation must be developed to allow for efficient vaccination of free-ranging livestock and wildlife.

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A serological survey of anthrax in domestic dogs in Zimbabwe: a potential tool for anthrax surveillance

et al. 2018

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Anthrax is an important disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis affecting both domestic and wild animals at the wildlife/livestock interface, defined here as a physical space in which wild and domestic species overlap in range and potentially interact. In endemic regions, sporadic anthrax outbreaks occur, causing significant deaths of both wildlife and livestock and sporadically, humans. However, it may also occur as isolated outbreaks with a few animals affected. Such isolated anthrax outbreaks maybe missed. High seroprevalence among carnivores suggests either regular non-fatal exposure to the pathogen circulating in a given environment, or contact with missed cases through consumption of anthrax carcases. To investigate the relevance of this potential indicator, a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine anthrax seroprevalence in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) from selected interface and non-interface areas of Zimbabwe with known history of anthrax outbreaks. Based on past anthrax outbreaks in the respective areas, the sites were further classified as high or low risk areas for anthrax outbreaks. Sera were collected from domestic dogs (n = 186) and tested for antibodies against B. anthracis protective antigens (PA) using an ELISA test. The overall seroprevalence was 51.6% (96/186; 95% CI 44.2-59.0). Sites from the non-interface areas recorded a significantly (P < 0.001) higher (72.1%) anthrax seroprevalence compared with those from the wildlife -livestock interface (41.5%). The results demonstrated a strong association (χ2 = 14.3; OR = 3.2, 1.6 < OR < 6.2, P < 0.001) between anthrax seropositivity and interface type. Low-risk sites (42.5%) had a significantly (P = 0.044) lower seroprevalence compared with high-risk sites (58.5%) but still demonstrated high seroprevalence for areas where anthrax was last reported more than 20 years back. Dogs from Tsholotsho South were more than 90-times (OR = 96.5, 13.5 < OR < 690.8) more likely to be seropositive compared with those from Hwange. The study demonstrated the potential to use domestic dogs as indicators of anthrax in the study areas to survey anthrax circulation in supposed low-risk areas and calls for a redefinition of both low and high risk areas for anthrax in Zimbabwe based on an improved surveillance.

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Comparative analysis of the immunologic response induced by the Sterne 34F2 live spore Bacillus anthracis vaccine in a ruminant model

Cited by 11 publications

References 24 publications

Use of the mice passive protection test to evaluate the humoral response in goats vaccinated with Sterne 34F2 live spore vaccine

Use of the mice passive protection test to evaluate the humoral response in goats vaccinated with Sterne 34F2 live spore vaccine

Bacillus anthracis Sterne Strain 34f2 Vaccine Antibody Dose Response by Subcutaneous and Oral Administration

A serological survey of anthrax in domestic dogs in Zimbabwe: a potential tool for anthrax surveillance

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