Comparative Evaluation for Controlled Release of Amoxicillin from RSM-CCD-Optimized Nanocomposites Based on Sodium Alginate and Chitosan-Containing Inclusion Complexes

Abstract

Amoxicillin (AMX) is a semisynthetic antibiotic, an analogue of ampicillin, with a wide spectrum of bacterial activity against many microorganisms but possesses some limits. To increase the drug effectiveness, supramolecule nanocomposites composed of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and chitosan/sodium alginate/GO were chosen in the present study as a sustained release formulation. Nanocomposites of chitosan (CH), sodium alginate (ALG), and graphene oxide (GO) were synthesized at 50 °C. The inclusion complexes (ICs) were processed via the physical mixture (PM), kneading (KM), microwave (MW) method, or coprecipitation (CP) and directly loaded into the nanocomposite. To confirm the formation of true ICs, the ICs were analyzed by DSC, SEM, 1H NMR, 2D NMR ROESY, and XRD. A drug release study was performed to find out which method is best for the controlled release of drugs in different environments of pH 2, 7, and 7.4 at 37 °C. From the observed drug release data, it was found that PM and KM showed a burst release of drugs and the microwave method was the most suitable method to prepare exact ICs of AMX and β-CD for sustained release of drugs. Kinetics of drug release was analyzed by various kinetic models, and it was observed that the Korsmeyer–Peppas and Peppas–Sahlin models were best fit for drug release in all cases. A Phase solubility study was carried out to find the stoichiometry of IC formation and the complexation constant. The drug release was controlled and pH-dependent, confirming that nanocomposites are pH-sensitive. From drug release analysis, it was acknowledged that β-CD is capable of causing sustained drug release.

Study of Hydroxypropyl β-Cyclodextrin and Puerarin Inclusion Complexes Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate-Grafted 2-Acrylamido-2-Methyl-1-Propane Sulfonic Acid Hydrogels for Oral Controlled Drug Delivery

“…This is similar to the results of other studies [ 31 ]. The sodium alginate spectra indicated two reflections at 2θ = 21.6° and 2θ = 13.3°, which is consistent with the results of other researchers [ 39 ]. The XRD pattern of puerarin showed several different diffraction peaks, such as 2θ = 15.8°, 18.9°, 23.3°, and 32.1°, indicating its crystalline properties, and these results are consistent with those of others [ 40 ].…”

An efficient pH‐responsive kappa‐carrageenan/tamarind kernel powder hydrogel for the removal of brilliant green and rose bengal from aqueous solution

“…The hydrophilic functionality in the three-dimensional polymer structure of hydrogels enables it to adsorb ionic dyes such as BG and RB from effluent. Hydrogels have promising applications in various fields such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, water remediation, food industry, agriculture, and biochemical separation [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] due to their unique physicochemical features, particularly those known as stimuli-responsive hydrogels, which alter volume abruptly in response to slight alterations in ambient environmental stress (such as pH, magnetic field, temperature, and salt concentration, etc.). [35][36][37] A pH-responsive hydrogel comprising cationic (basic) groups (such as amine pendant groups) or anionic (acidic) groups (such as sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid pendant)group can liberate or acquire protons in response to pH change, allowing it to adsorb ionic dyes and rendering it effective for wastewater treatment.…”

“…The hydrophilic functionality in the three‐dimensional polymer structure of hydrogels enables it to adsorb ionic dyes such as BG and RB from effluent. Hydrogels have promising applications in various fields such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, water remediation, food industry, agriculture, and biochemical separation 27–34 due to their unique physicochemical features, particularly those known as stimuli‐responsive hydrogels, which alter volume abruptly in response to slight alterations in ambient environmental stress (such as pH, magnetic field, temperature, and salt concentration, etc.) 35–37 .…”

3-Methoxyazetidin-2-one Functionalized CuO–CB Microfibrils: A Drug Formulation with Controlled Release and Enhanced Synergistic Antibacterial Activities

“…To understand the mechanism of action of 3-methoxyazetidin-2-one functionalized CuO-CB microfibrils on the drug resistant bacterial cell, the CuO based nanoplatform has been taken into consideration. This nanoplatform entails the extension in the lifetime of the antibiotic, involving a synergistic mechanism or suppressing the antibacterial resistance . The Gram-negative bacteria possess a protective outer layer which gains resistance from antibacterial drugs on repeated exposure.…”