Comparative Evaluation of Some Woody Tree Methanolic Extracts and Paraloid B-72 against Phytopathogenic Mold Fungi Alternaria tenuissima and Fusarium culmorum

Abstract

Natural compounds from certain timber trees are highly valued and recommended to protect wood and wood products against mold fungi. This study highlighted the use of some natural extracts and Paraloid B-72 against the growth of two mold fungi, namely Alternaria tenuissima and Fusarium culmorum. From the in vitro experiment, the methanol extracts of Callistemon viminalis bark were effective against the growth of F. culmorum, as were Magnolia grandiflora leaves against A. tenuissima. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of treated Acacia saligna wood with the two fungi and Paraloid B-72 demonstrated the clear hyphal growth of F. culmorum and A. tenuissima and changes in elemental chemical composition. After three months, no fungal growth on the wood surface treated with the methanol extract of M. pomifera bark was found. After three months of treating wood with Paraloid B-72 at 5% and 10%, the mold growth was visible. Almost all of the wood treated with methanol extracts showed growth of the A. tenuissima hypha, as well as some contamination by other microorganisms, except for the wood treated with the methanol extract of M. pomifera bark.

Evaluation of the Mechanical, Physical, and Anti-Fungal Properties of Flax Laboratory Papersheets with the Nanoparticles Treatment

“…On the other hand, a combination of Paraloid B-72 (10%) with Pentachlorophenol 2% showed antifungal activity against A. flavus [35]. Wood treated with Paraloid B-72 (2% or 3%) showed huge mycelial growth of Trichoderma harzianum [33], Alternaria tenuissima, and Fusarium culmorum [34].…”

“…Paraloid was used for the consolidation of paper-based manuscripts, and its mixture with NPs was shown to increase or improve the mechanical and optical properties of papers [28,29], and wooden artifacts [30]. Paraloid B-72 at 2%, 3%, or 10% did not exhibit antifungal activity [30][31][32][33][34], but antifungal activity of Paraloid B-72 (10%) was observed when mixed with other substances [35].…”

The Potential Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Wood Treated with Withania somnifera Fruit Extract, and the Phenolic, Caffeine, and Flavonoid Composition of the Extract According to HPLC

“…The antibacterial activity of wood treated with an acetone extract of W. somnifera fruits was measured according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) [51] with minor modifications, wherein the treated wood samples were placed over the inoculated medium with each bacterium at 30 • C for three days and compared with the control treatment. For antifungal activity, the fungal isolates were grown at 28 • C and the wood-treated samples were assayed according to previous studies [41][42][43]50], with measurement of the mycelial growth inhibition percentage performed. The inhibition zone (IZ) was measured from the outer margin of the IZ to the inner margin of the surrounding pathogens, including the treated wood blocks for bacteria, and the IZ was measured from the edge of the treated wood blocks to the outer margin of the surrounding pathogens for the fungi.…”

“…On the other hand, and during storage conditions with moist and poor environments, wood, wood containers, and wood-boxes may deteriorate or become stained with the growth of molds [36], which colonize these wood types and use simple sugars and starches for growth [37,38]. Previous works have shown that extracts or essential oils have potential antimicrobial activities against several fungi and bacteria in treated wood of Pinus sylvestris, P. rigida and Fagus sylvatica, Leucaena leucocephala, Melia azedarach, and Acacia saligna [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46].…”

Inhibition of Fusarium culmorum , Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizoctonia solani by n‐hexane extracts of three plant species as a wood‐treated oil fungicide

“…The measurements of antifungal activity of treated wood were carried out following previous works (Mansour and Salem ; Mansour et al . ; Salem et al . ,).…”