Comparative Insights into Four Major Legume Sprouts Efficacies for Diabetes Management and Its Complications: Untargeted versus Targeted NMR Biochemometrics Approach

Abstract

Interest in the consumption of seed sprouts is gradually increasing as functional foods in the modern Western diet owing to their several nutritional and health benefits. The present study aims to investigate four major legume sprouts derived from faba bean (Vicia faba L.), lentil (Lens esculenta L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-greacum L.) for their antidiabetic activity and mitigation of associated complications, i.e., oxidative stress, liver dysfunction, and lipid metabolism, compared with glibenclamide. Biochemical results presented herein further showed that the four sprouts exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects (p < 0.05), with improvement in decreasing of blood glucose levels at different degrees and with faba bean sprout most active at 348% improvement, compared to 364.3% for glibenclamide. Further biochemometric analysis based on a comparison between targeted versus untargeted partial least square (PLS) and regression analyses revealed that faba bean sprouts’ richness in flavonoids was a determinant key factor for such efficacy. In addition, correlation with previously investigated NMR fingerprinting aided in pinpointing other active agents, such as betaine and L-DOPA. Furthermore, the effect on serum liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase; oxidative stress markers; and lipid profiles showed significant improvement, especially in the case of faba bean sprout. The study revealed the potential health benefits of legume sprouts in the treatment of diabetes and its associated complications, as well as the potential role of biochemometrics in active agents’ identification in such a complex matrix to be considered for other functional foods investigation.

A multiplex approach of MS, 1D‐, and 2D‐NMR metabolomics in plant ontogeny: A case study on Clusia minor L. organs (leaf, flower, fruit, and seed)

“…The chemical characterisation of complex structures in C. minor extracts demonstrates the potential of modern 2D‐NMR spectroscopic techniques to speed up the traditional lengthy processes to identify active principles in crude plant extracts, as it can in ideal cases provide enough information to resolve structures even without any purification step, 30 and it speeds up dereplication and identification of known compounds. The emerging NMR metabolomics combined with modern cheminformatics can indeed help to reduce the gap that has widened in natural product drug discovery, aiding towards identification of active agents especially if coupled to bioassays using regression models such as partial least squares (PLS) 72,73 …”

“…The emerging NMR metabolomics combined with modern cheminformatics can indeed help to reduce the gap that has widened in natural product drug discovery, aiding towards identification of active agents especially if coupled to bioassays using regression models such as partial least squares (PLS). 72,73 Multivariate data analyses coupled to UPLC-MS and 1D/2D-NMR datasets demonstrate variation in secondary metabolism existing among C. minor organs, with opening flowers being the richest ones in bioactive polyprenylated benzophenones, particularly nemorosone. The clustering of fruit specimens was mostly attributed to its richness in 5-hydroxy tocotrienoloic acid.…”

Effects and mechanisms of anti-diabetic dietary natural products: an updated review

“…57 Furthermore, four legume (faba bean, lentil, chickpea, and fenugreek) sprouts ameliorated oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in STZinduced diabetic albino Wistar rats, among which the faba bean sprout showed the highest hypoglycemic effect. 58 Collectively, dietary natural products, such as Olea oleaster leaves, Lactobacillus plantarum fermented oat, and legume sprouts, could ameliorate diabetes through their antioxidant action by enhancing the activities of CAT, GSH, GPx, GR and SOD, while reducing the levels of MDA and ROS.…”

“…57 Furthermore, four legume (faba bean, lentil, chickpea, and fenugreek) sprouts ameliorated oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in STZ-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats, among which the faba bean sprout showed the highest hypoglycemic effect. 58…”

Comparative Study of the Nutritional, Phytochemical, Sensory Characteristics and Glycemic Response of Cookies Enriched with Lupin Sprout Flour and Lupin Green Sprout

“…Sprouts can have 100-times more enzymes than raw fruits, and vegetables and have health benefits due to the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative effects [ 13 ]. Legume sprouts are a good source of nutrients and active principles and are used to obtain functional, dietary, [ 14 ], or prebiotic foods [ 15 ].…”