Comparative Investigation of the Microstructure of MgCl₂ Aqueous Solutions Using Different X-ray Scattering Sources, Raman Spectroscopy, and Atomistic Simulations

Abstract

Aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 (aq)) are often used to test advances in the theory of electrolyte solutions because they are considered an ideal strong 2:1 electrolyte. However, there is evidence that some ion association occurs in these solutions, even at low concentrations. Even a small ion-pairing constant can have a significant impact on the chemical speciation of ions, so it is important to determine whether ion pairing actually occurs. In this study, MgCl 2 (aq) with concentrations ranging from 1 to 35% was studied using three methods: X-ray scattering (XRS) with the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) and silver-anode laboratory sources, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the COMPASS-II and Madrid force fields. XRS results were analyzed in the framework of PDF theory to obtain the reduced structure function F(Q) and the reduced pair distribution function G(r). The F(Q) values from synchrotron radiation and laboratory sources both showed that the tetrahedral hydrogen bonds in bulk water were destroyed with the increased MgCl 2 concentration. The results of G(r) indicated that the main peaks centered at 2.05 and 2.80 Å can be ascribed to the interactions of Mg−O and O−O, respectively. The peak at 3.10 Å is attributed to the combined effect of O−O and Cl−O. By comparing the structural information on MgCl 2 solution obtained from the two light sources, it was found that both SSRF and silver-anode laboratory sources can reflect the abovementioned structural information on MgCl 2 solution. The radial distribution function (RDF) obtained from MD simulations of MgCl 2 solutions assigned the peaks at 2.0, 2.8, and 3.2 Å to the Mg−O, O−O, and Cl−O interatomic pairs, respectively. The decrease in the O−O coordination number confirms that the hydrogen-bonding network of water is disrupted by increasing MgCl 2 observed by X-ray scattering. The proportion of Mg−Cl contact ion pairs gradually increases with MgCl 2 concentration as does the coordination number. Raman spectroscopy results show that the bond type changes from double donor double acceptor (DDAA) to single donor−single acceptor (DA) with increasing concentration, providing explicit details of the hydrogen-bond evolution in the aqueous solution.