Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis of the Eurydema Genus in the Context of Representative Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Taxa

Abstract

The family Pentatomidae, the largest within the superfamily Pentatomoidae, comprises about 5,000 species; many of which are economically important pests. Although the phylogeny of Pentatomidae species has been studied using various molecular markers, their phylogenetic relationships remain controversial. Recently, mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) have been extensively employed to examine the phylogenetics and evolution of different insects, and in this study, we sequenced complete/near-complete mitochondrial genomes from five shield bug species of Eurydema to gain a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships in the Pentatomidae. The five mitogenomes ranged in length from 15,500 to 16,752 bp and comprised 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and a control region. We compared mitogenomic characteristics of the Pentatomidae and constructed phylogenetic trees using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. Our results showed that gene arrangements, base composition, start/stop codons, gene overlaps, and RNA structures were conserved within the Pentatomidae and that congeneric species shared more characteristics. Saturation and heterogeneity analyses revealed that our PCGs and PCGRNA datasets were valid for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analyses showed consistent topologies based on BI and ML methods. These analyses strongly supported that Eurydema species belong to the tribe Strachiini, and formed a sister group with Pentatomini. The relationships among Eurydema species were shown to be consistent with their morphological features. (Strachiini + Pentatomini) was found to be a stable sibling of the clade comprising Cappaeini, Graphosomini, and Carpocorini. Furthermore, our results indicated that Graphosoma rubrolineatum (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) belongs to the Pentatominae and not the Podopinae.

Five Mitochondrial Genomes of the Genus Eysarcoris Hahn, 1834 with Phylogenetic Implications for the Pentatominae (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

“…Compared to the varied size of complete mitogenomes, relatively little variation was observed in the length of PCGs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. This is consistent with previous Pentatomidae mitochondrial genomic studies [ 41 , 43 ]. Similarly, the AT content of Pentatomidae species was significantly higher the GC content [ 26 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].…”

“…This is consistent with previous Pentatomidae mitochondrial genomic studies [ 41 , 43 ]. Similarly, the AT content of Pentatomidae species was significantly higher the GC content [ 26 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].…”

“…The most frequently occurring start codon of the five mitogenomes was found to be ATN, which is similar to most Pentatomidae mitogenomes [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Another frequently used start codon, TTG, usually appeared in the cox1 , atp8 , nad1 , and nad6 genes of Pentatomidae species [ 43 ]. We found that the use of TTG was conserved within the genus Eysarcoris , except for E. gibbosus ( Table S1 ).…”

“…In this paper, we describe the mitochondrial genomes of E. rosaceus , E. montivagus , E. gibbosus , E. annamita , and E. ventralis . Similar to that of other hemipteran mitogenomes, the gene arrangements of the five mitochondrial genomes are conserved [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. The size of the complete mitogenome sequences varied widely among the examined species, ranging from 15,558 bp in E. gibbosus to 16,043 bp in E. rosaceus ( Table S3 ).…”

Comparative Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Three Gerres Fishes (Perciformes: Gerreidae) and Primary Exploration of Their Evolution History

“…From the PCG-NT or PCG-AA datasets, the heterogeneity of most pairwise comparisons was low with site score above 0.5. The low heterogeneity of pairwise comparisons demonstrated that the two datasets were applicable for further phylogenetic studies [60].…”