Comparative Phytochemical Profiling and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Raw Materials, Tissue‐Cultured Plants, and Callus of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.

Abstract

Extracts from raw materials from different plant parts, tissue-cultured plants, and callus cultures of Oroxylum indicum were analyzed for in vitro antioxidant activities determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay and evaluated for phytochemical profiles by TLC and LC-MS methods. The results were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate the similarity. Stalk, pedicel, flower, seed, and whole fruit and callus extracts promoted strong antioxidant activity with high total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. The main phytochemicals found in extracts were baicalin, baicalein, and chrysin. Baicalein and baicalin promoted strong antioxidant effects and existed in most extracts while chrysin, which promoted very low antioxidant activity, was a major flavonoid in the leaves and tissue-cultured plants. From PCA analysis by total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, four main clusters including callus and tissue-cultured plant groups from different growth stages, flower group, and whole fruit and leaf group could be organized. When the results were analyzed by PCA using antioxidant activity with total phenolic or total flavonoid contents, all O. indicum samples could be grouped together except the extracts from the root of tissue-cultured plants which separated from the rest due to their low phytochemical contents and weak antioxidant activities.

Ethnopharmacological Inspections of Organic Extract ofOroxylum indicumin Rat Models: A Promising Natural Gift

“…This study also supports the previous experiment as simvastatin was treated as a very potential lipid-lowering drug and coincided with prior studies [102][103][104][105][106]. To identify the level enzymes (both SGPT and SGOT) both treatment protocols failed to decrease the level of specific enzyme level to a noteworthy extent and exhibited similarities with past studies [107][108][109][110][111][112][113] but revealed satisfactory decline. Liver enzymes SGPT and SGOT are considered as surrogate markers of diabetes mellitus complication.…”

Flavones Contents in Extracts from Oroxylum indicum Seeds and Plant Tissue Cultures

“…Baicalin, baicalein, and chrysin exhibited antibacterial effects on the tested bacteria, in which baicalin promoted the highest inhibitory effects, suggesting it is the main active compound [15]. These three flavonoids were also tested for DPPH scavenging effects, in which baicalin and baicalein showed strong free radical scavenging activities, while chrysin promoted a low inhibitory effect [17]. The explanation about the lower antibacterial effects of the seeds ethanol and water extracts of O. indicum, which contained higher baicalin contents, but promoted lower antibacterial effects than the young fruit ethanol extract that contain lower baicalin content, was that the fixed oil in the seeds of O. indicum could interfere with the antibacterial effect of the seed extracts [15,18].…”

“…The explanation about the lower antibacterial effects of the seeds ethanol and water extracts of O. indicum, which contained higher baicalin contents, but promoted lower antibacterial effects than the young fruit ethanol extract that contain lower baicalin content, was that the fixed oil in the seeds of O. indicum could interfere with the antibacterial effect of the seed extracts [15,18]. Extracts from O. indicum tissue-cultured plants in early stages (day 5, day 7, week 2, and week 3) were reported to contain high total phenolic contents (higher than 5 g% GAE) with moderate amounts of total flavonoids (around 1-2 g% QE), while extracts from the late stages of tissue-cultured plants (week 4-week 8) promoted lower total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (1-4 g% GAE, and cannot be detected −3 g% QE, respectively) [17]. In our current study, the root of the tissue-cultured plant was developed at day 4, while the cotyledons and true leaves were developed at weeks 3 and 9, respectively.…”

“…The results corresponded to our previous study, which suggested that the tissue-cultured plant contained the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents during the development of the root in early stages (around day 5-week 3), and was still high in content when the cotyledons were developed (week 4-week 5). However, the contents of total phenolic and flavonoids decreases when the true leaves were developed, and the root parts of the tissue-cultured plants contained low amounts of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents [17]. Bergquist et al suggested that flavonoid content in plants varies by the factors including genotype, environmental growing conditions, growth stage, postharvest handling, and storage conditions [19][20][21][22].…”

“…Some parts of the seeds were cleaned and dried in a hot air oven (Memmert, Schwabach, Germany) at 60 • C for 12 h, then ground using an electric milling machine (Ika-Werke, Staufen, Germany) (20 mesh sieve). Other parts of the seeds were prepared as described in a previous experiment to yield tissue-cultured plants at different growth stages [17]. Tissue-cultured plant samples were randomized using True Random Number Service software (Randomness and Integrity Services Ltd., Dublin, Ireland) at day 4, then week 3 and week 9.…”