Comparative Risk Analysis of Six Volatile Organic Compounds in California Drinking Water

Williams, Pamela R. D.; Benton, Laurie; Warmerdam, John M.; Sheehan, Patrick J.

doi:10.1021/es020725y

Cited by 59 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…They observed that it is five times higher than that found in Fortaleza city. The CHCl 3 level in Fortaleza is reasonably higher than other levels found in literature (Kuo et al 1998;Lin and Hoang 2000;Williams et al 2002;Lee et al 2004;Tokmak et al 2004;Uyak 2006). The concentrations of CHBrCl 2 and CHBr 2 Cl measured in our work are also higher than those concentrations found in studies cited above.…”

Section: Thm Concentrations In Tap Water Samplessupporting

confidence: 46%

“…Jo et al (2005) measured a CHCl 3 concentration in air inside household of about 0.15% less than in shower stalls, showing CHCl 3 dispersion is very important. Thus, it is necessary to be careful comparing with other studies published in the literature (Williams et al 2002;Lee et al 2004;Tokmak et al 2004;Uyak 2006). Kuo et al (1998) and Lin and Hoang (2000) performed an estimate using the model proposed by Little (1992), which should be more reliable.…”

Section: Cancer Risks and Hazard Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk assessment of trihalomethanes from tap water in Fortaleza, Brazil

Viana

Cavalcante

Braga

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

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The cancer risks (CR) by oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure of trihalomethanes (THM) from tap water of ten districts in Fortaleza, Brazil were estimated. The mean levels of THM compounds were obtained in Fortaleza tap water as follow: 63.9 microg L(-1) for chloroform (CHCl(3)), 40.0 microg L(-1) for bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl(2)), and 15.6 microg L(-1) for dibromochloromethane (CHBr(2)Cl). Bromoform (CHBr(3)) was not detected. The mean CR for THMs in tap water is 3.96 x 10(-4). The results indicate that Fortaleza residents have a higher CR by inhalation than dermal absorption and oral ingestion. The CR for CHCl(3) contributes with 68% as compared with the total CR, followed by CHBrCl(2) (21%), and CHBr(2)Cl (11%). The hazard index (HI) is about ten times lower than unity, not indicating non-cancer effects.

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Section: Thm Concentrations In Tap Water Samplessupporting

confidence: 46%

Section: Cancer Risks and Hazard Indexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of trihalomethanes from tap water in Fortaleza, Brazil

Viana

Cavalcante

Braga

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

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“…BWs of 62% of the participants were between 50 and 70 kg, while the portion of participants with a BW between 70 and 90 kg was 23%. The median and mean BWs for İzmir population were found to be less than the value, 70 kg, suggested by the USEPA and used in the literature (Williams et al, 2002;Lee et al, 2004). Tokmak et al (2004) used BW of 65 kg for females and 72 kg for males for Ankara residents.…”

Section: Body Weightmentioning

confidence: 71%

Occurrence, oral exposure and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in drinking water for İzmir

et al. 2006

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Exposure Risk Trihalomethanes İzmir A B S T R A C TConcentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in the drinking water in Province of İzmir, Turkey, and associated health risks due to ingestion of these compounds were investigated using population weighted random samples. A total of 100 houses were visited in different districts of İzmir and drinking water samples were collected from consumers' drinking water source. Questionnaires were administered to one participant in each house to determine demographics and drinking water consumption rates. Oral exposure and risks were estimated for each participant and İzmir population by deterministic and probabilistic approaches, respectively. The four trihalomethane (THM) species (i.e., chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform), benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and naphthalene were the most frequently detected VOCs with concentrations ranging from below detection limit to 35 mg/l. The risk estimates were found to be less than the values reported in the literature with few exceptions.Noncarcinogenic risks attributable to ingestion of VOCs for İzmir population were negligible, whereas the mean carcinogenic risk estimates for bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane were above the de minimis level of one in a million (10 À6 ). For all VOCs, the concentrations measured in metropolitan area were greater than those in other districts. All THM species were detected in higher concentrations in tap water, whereas nontap water contained more benzene, toluene, p-xylene, and naphthalene. Therefore, the concentrations of the latter four compounds and associated risks increased with increasing income and education level since bottled water was used in larger proportions within these subgroups. The results of this study showed that oral exposure to drinking water contaminants and associated risks may be higher than the acceptable levels even if the concentrations fall below the standards.

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“…Duration of sampling surveys or periods of monitoring data varied between 2 weeks (Navarro et al, 2007) and 6 years (Williams et al, 2002). In some cases, no information was given regarding the timing or duration of sampling surveys (e.g.…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the human health impacts of exposure to disinfection by-products — A critical review of concepts and methods

Grellier

Rushton

Briggs

et al. 2015

Environment International

110

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Understanding the public health implications of chemical contamination of drinking water is important for societies and their decision-makers. The possible population health impacts associated with exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) are of particular interest due to their potential carcinogenicity and their widespread occurrence as a result of treatments employed to control waterborne infectious disease. We searched the literature for studies that have attempted quantitatively to assess population health impacts and health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in drinking water. We summarised and evaluated these assessments in terms of their objectives, methods, treatment of uncertainties, and interpretation and communication of results. In total we identified 40 studies matching our search criteria. The vast majority of studies presented estimates of generic cancer and non-cancer risks based on toxicological data and methods that were designed with regulatory, health-protective purposes in mind, and therefore presented imprecise and biased estimates of health impacts. Many studies insufficiently addressed the numerous challenges to DBP risk assessment, failing to evaluate the evidence for a causal relationship, not appropriately addressing the complex nature of DBP occurrence as a mixture of chemicals, not adequately characterising exposure in space and time, not defining specific health outcomes, not accounting for characteristics of target populations, and not balancing potential risks of DBPs against the health benefits related with drinking water disinfection. Uncertainties were often poorly explained or insufficiently accounted for, and important limitations of data and methods frequently not discussed. Grave conceptual and methodological limitations in study design, as well as erroneous use of available dose-response data, seriously impede the extent to which many of these assessments contribute to understanding the public health implications of exposure to DBPs. In some cases, assessment results may cause unwarranted alarm among the public and potentially lead to poor decisions being made in sourcing, treatment, and provision of drinking water. We recommend that the assessment of public health impacts of DBPs should be viewed as a means of answering real world policy questions relating to drinking water quality, including microbial contaminants; that they should be conducted using the most appropriate and up-to-date data and methods, and that associated uncertainties and limitations should be accounted for using quantitative methods where appropriate.

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Comparative Risk Analysis of Six Volatile Organic Compounds in California Drinking Water

Cited by 59 publications

References 11 publications

Risk assessment of trihalomethanes from tap water in Fortaleza, Brazil

Risk assessment of trihalomethanes from tap water in Fortaleza, Brazil

Occurrence, oral exposure and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in drinking water for İzmir

Assessing the human health impacts of exposure to disinfection by-products — A critical review of concepts and methods

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