Comparative Studies in Obese Subjects Fed Carbohydrate-Restricted and High Carbohydrate 1,000-Calorie Formula Diets

Abstract

45 obese subjects were fed a high-carbohydrate, relatively low-fat, or a low-carbohydrate, relatively high-fat 1,000-calorie (4.14MJ) formula diet. The diet provided for an isoenergetic substitution of 170 g of carbohydrates for 75 g of fat. Weight reduction up to day 30 was significantly higher in the subjects on the carbohydrate-restricted diet. There were no significant differences between the water and electrolyte balances. The mean total weight reduction achieved on the high-carbohydrate diet was 9.8 ± 4.5 kg with a mean daily weight loss of 298 ± 80 g, while the corresponding values on the carbohydrate-restricted diet were 14 ± 7.2 kg and 362 ± 91 g/day, respectively.

Effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet program compared to a low-fat diet on fasting lipoprotein subclasses

“…The reduction in VLDL particles is consistent with the decrease in serum triglyceride levels observed in previous studies of an LCKD [2][3][4][5][23][24][25]. In other studies of the LCKD to examine lipoprotein subclasses, a similar reduction in VLDL subclasses and small LDL, and elevation of large LDL was seen [26 -29].…”

Acid-base analysis of individuals following two weight loss diets

“…Several studies have confirmed ketonuria by urine dipstick or ketonemia by measurement of serum b-hydroxybutyrate in subjects following a low-carbohydrate diet (Azar and Bloom, 1963;Young et al, 1971;Rabast and Kasper, 1978;Rabast et al, 1981;Volek et al, 2002;Brehm et al, 2003Brehm et al, , 2005Meckling et al, 2004;Yancy et al, 2004;Boden et al, 2005). Furthermore, some data suggest an inverse relationship such that urinary ketone body levels increase as carbohydrate intake decreases (Young et al, 1971).…”

“…Nearly all cell types in the human body can use these alternative fuels although some (e.g., myocardium) prefer fatty acids, whereas others (e.g., brain) can only use ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are detectable in the serum, urine, and breath (Azar and Bloom, 1963;Young et al, 1971;Rabast and Kasper, 1978;Rabast et al, 1981), and in fact, urine and breath ketone body tests are sometimes used to monitor for adequate carbohydrate restriction by lowcarbohydrate diet followers (Larosa et al, 1980). Ketone bodies have an acidic pK and are best known for causing ketoacidosis, a serious condition that can cause acidemia in diabetic and alcoholic patients.…”

Diet and Obesity (Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Nutritional Biochemistry)

“…There have been a number of human trials (Table 1) which compared isocaloric diets containing a low versus high carbohydrate content (Young et al 1971;Rabast et al 1978Rabast et al , 1981Piatti et al 1994;Golay et al 1996a, b;Lean et al 1997;Baba et al 1999;Greene et al 2003;Layman et al 2003). The fact that these studies were isocaloric is an important point and permits the examination of effect based on the macronutrient percentages.…”