Comparative Studies of some African Arboviruses in Cell Culture and in Mice

Way, Hilary; Bowen, E. T. W.; Platt, G.S.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-30-1-123

Cited by 61 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…africanus mosquitoes was first performed by mouse brain inoculation (1). Subsequent isolation methods used include inoculation of chicken embryo yolk sacs, allantoic sacs, and chorioallantoic membrane, as well as cell cultures (333)(334)(335). ZIKV was titrated in parallel in suckling mice, in adult mice, and with 11 cell culture systems.…”

Section: Virus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ZIKV was titrated in parallel in suckling mice, in adult mice, and with 11 cell culture systems. Vero, rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-MK 2 ), and pig kidney (PS-C 1 ) cells were more sensitive than suckling and adult mice (334,335). ZIKV was successfully cultured by intrathoracic inoculation of Toxorhynchites speldens and C6/C36 mosquito cells (336).…”

Section: Virus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zika Virus

2016

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SUMMARYZika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the genusFlavivirusand the familyFlaviviridae. ZIKV was first isolated from a nonhuman primate in 1947 and from mosquitoes in 1948 in Africa, and ZIKV infections in humans were sporadic for half a century before emerging in the Pacific and the Americas. ZIKV is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The clinical presentation of Zika fever is nonspecific and can be misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, especially those due to arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya. ZIKV infection was associated with only mild illness prior to the large French Polynesian outbreak in 2013 and 2014, when severe neurological complications were reported, and the emergence in Brazil of a dramatic increase in severe congenital malformations (microcephaly) suspected to be associated with ZIKV. Laboratory diagnosis of Zika fever relies on virus isolation or detection of ZIKV-specific RNA. Serological diagnosis is complicated by cross-reactivity among members of theFlavivirusgenus. The adaptation of ZIKV to an urban cycle involving humans and domestic mosquito vectors in tropical areas where dengue is endemic suggests that the incidence of ZIKV infections may be underestimated. There is a high potential for ZIKV emergence in urban centers in the tropics that are infested with competent mosquito vectors such asAedes aegyptiandAedes albopictus.

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Section: Virus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Virus Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zika Virus

2016

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“…More importantly, adequate animal models will be required to experimentally assess the impact of E protein glycosylation, and mutations in general, to the ability of ZIKV to infect the host. Mouse models of infection have been successfully used to characterize ZIKV infection in the past (139)(140)(141) and more recently (142). Nevertheless, future models of infection should focus on nonhuman primates, which are part of the natural sylvatic cycle of ZIKV infection, thus representing a more adequate model to study adverse fetal outcomes (143).…”

Section: Zika Outbreaks: New Mutations and Host Adaptations?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, several mammalian cells lines are susceptible to ZIKV as well, including PS-C1 cells (porcine kidney), LLC-MK2 cells (Macaca mulatta, rhesus monkey, kidney), and Vero cells (Chlorocebus aethiops, African green monkey, kidney) (139,209). Recently, Hamel et al (210) investigated the ability of ZIKV to infect human skin cells, as these are thought to be the target cells for ZIKV inoculation during the mosquito blood-feeding process.…”

Section: Cell Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Role of Zika Virus in Adverse Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes

et al. 2016

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SUMMARYThe rapid spread of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas and its potential association with thousands of suspected cases of microcephaly in Brazil and higher rates of Guillain-Barré syndrome meet the conditions for a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, as stated by the World Health Organization in February 2016. Two months later, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that the current available evidence supports the existence of a causal relationship between prenatal Zika virus infection and microcephaly and other serious brain anomalies. Microcephaly can be caused by several factors, and its clinical course and prognosis are difficult to predict. Other pathogens with proven teratogenicity have been identified long before the current ZIKV epidemic. Despite the growing number of cases with maternal signs of infection and/or presence of ZIKV in tissues of affected newborns or fetuses, it is currently difficult to assess the magnitude of increase of microcephaly prevalence in Brazil, as well as the role of other factors in the development of congenital neurological conditions. Meanwhile, health agencies and medical organizations have issued cautious guidelines advising health care practitioners and expectant couples traveling to, returning from, or living in affected areas. Analogous to dengue virus (DENV) epidemics, ZIKV has the potential to become endemic in all countries infested byAedesmosquitoes, while new mutations could impact viral replication in humans, leading to increased virulence and consequently heightened chances of viral transmission to additional naive mosquito vectors. Studies are urgently needed to answer the questions surrounding ZIKV and its role in congenital neurological conditions.

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“…Vertebrate hosts include fish, equids, birds, amphibians, reptiles, rodents, pigs, humans, and nonhuman primates (9). Consequently, alphaviruses can be cultured in many vertebrate and insect cell lines (11)(12)(13). In contrast, the distantly related fish alphaviruses, which are not known to have arthropod vectors, exhibit a narrow host range (fish cells only) that is at least partially a result of temperature sensitivity (14)(15)(16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication

Nasar

Palacios

Gorchakov

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

171

189

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Most alphaviruses and many other arboviruses are mosquito-borne and exhibit a broad host range, infecting many different vertebrates including birds, rodents, equids, humans, and nonhuman primates. Consequently, they can be propagated in most vertebrate and insect cell cultures. This ability of arboviruses to infect arthropods and vertebrates is usually essential for their maintenance in nature. However, several flaviviruses have recently been described that infect mosquitoes but not vertebrates, although the mechanism of their host restriction has not been determined. Here we describe a unique alphavirus, Eilat virus (EILV), isolated from a pool of Anopheles coustani mosquitoes from the Negev desert of Israel. Phylogenetic analyses placed EILV as a sister to the Western equine encephalitis antigenic complex within the main clade of mosquito-borne alphaviruses. Electron microscopy revealed that, like other alphaviruses, EILV virions were spherical, 70 nm in diameter, and budded from the plasma membrane of mosquito cells in culture. EILV readily infected a variety of insect cells with little overt cytopathic effect. However, in contrast to typical mosquito-borne alphaviruses, EILV could not infect mammalian or avian cell lines, and viral as well as RNA replication could not be detected at 37°C or 28°C. Evolutionarily, these findings suggest that EILV lost its ability to infect vertebrate cells. Thus, EILV seems to be mosquito-specific and represents a previously undescribed complex within the genus Alphavirus. Reverse genetic studies of EILV may facilitate the discovery of determinants of alphavirus host range that mediate disease emergence.evolution | Togavirus

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Comparative Studies of some African Arboviruses in Cell Culture and in Mice

Cited by 61 publications

References 4 publications

Zika Virus

Zika Virus

Emerging Role of Zika Virus in Adverse Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes

Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication

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