Comparative Studies on the Stenogamous and Eurygamous Behavior of Eight Anopheles Species of the Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand

Wijit, Adulsak; Taai, Kritsana; Dedkhad, Watcharatip; Hempolchom, Chayanit; Thongsahuan, Sorawat; Srisuka, Wichai; Otsuka, Yasushi; Fukuda, Masako; Saeung, Atiporn

doi:10.3390/insects7020011

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Alternate types of cages, which may have increased selfmating behavior, were not used since the primary purpose was to rear sufficient quantities for evaluating them for malaria vector potential. Many anoph-elines are considered eurygamic and require swarming to induce mating behavior (Wharton 1953, Wijit et al 2016. Such species will not mate in confined standard laboratory cages and copulation must be artificially induced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonization and Maintenance of Anopheles belenrae and Anopheles pullus From the Republic Of Korea

Phasomkusolsil

Tawong

Khaosanorh

et al. 2018

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association

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The Anopheles Hyrcanus Group in the Republic of Korea (ROK) consists of 5 morphologically indistinct species that can only be identified with certainty by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 86 bloodfed Anopheles spp. were collected from a cow barn located in the village of Tongilchon near the demilitarized zone in the ROK on June 13, 2016, and sent to the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences in Bangkok, Thailand, where they were identified to species by PCR. The 1st shipment contained 15 An. belenrae and 37 An. pullus females that were used to start the colonies. Parent females that oviposited were identified by PCR for colonization. A higher proportion of F 1-F 4 females of An. belenrae than An. pullus bloodfed when provided both blood meals on human arms and using a membrane feeding system with human blood. Following blood meals, the females were forced mated for colony maintenance. The mean numbers of eggs oviposited per female for An. belenrae was 127.7 6 19.3 and for An. pullus was 136 6 23.6. On average, at 258C (628C) An. belenrae and An. pullus took 15.1 and 16.1 days to develop from egg to adult, respectively. A 2nd group of bloodfed Anopheles spp. was collected at the same location in the ROK on June 24, 2017. This group contained 13 An. belenrae and 27 An. pullus. Similarly, eggs were obtained and adults identified by PCR and then reared to adults and subsequent generations forced mated to members of each of the existing colonies to increase genetic diversity. The colonies were established to evaluate their susceptibility to vector vivax malaria, which is essential to better understand the epidemiology of malaria transmission in Korea. This is the 1st report of colonization of both An. belenrae and An. pullus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonization and Maintenance of Anopheles belenrae and Anopheles pullus From the Republic Of Korea

Phasomkusolsil

Tawong

Khaosanorh

et al. 2018

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association

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“…Wijit et al [ 26 ] documented that at least 20 Anopheles species are known to be able to successfully copulate in small cages. To shed light on the mechanism(s) that influences the mating behavior of An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spermathecae with detected movement of spermatozoa were ruptured by placing a coverslip on the microscope slide, and the surrounding field was scanned for spermatozoa. The relative percentage of the volume of spermathecae containing spermatozoa was graded as 0 (fairly transparent or uninseminated spermatheca), 1+ (25% of area of coverslip with spermatozoa), 2+ (50% of area of coverslip with spermatozoa), 3+ (75% of area of coverslip with spermatozoa) and 4+ (100% of area − spermatheca full of spermatozoa) [ 26 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The procedures described by Wijit et al [ 26 ] were used for measuring clasper movement and the duration of mating. The frequency of clasper movement during induced copulation and the duration of mating were determined using 5-day-old females and males of each species ( n = 30/species).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have attempted to find effective methods for the identification of Anopheles vectors based on morphological attributes, e.g. light microscopy of antennal sensilla [ 26 ] and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of eggs and antennal sensilla [ 27 – 30 ]. However, no studies of the antennal sensilla of members of the Minimus Complex have been conducted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An effective method for the identification and separation of Anopheles minimus, the primary malaria vector in Thailand, and its sister species Anopheles harrisoni, with a comparison of their mating behaviors

et al. 2017

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BackgroundSpecies of the Anopheles minimus complex are considered to be the primary vectors of malaria in South and Southeast Asia. Two species of the complex, Anopheles minimus and Anopheles harrisoni, occur in Thailand. They are sympatric and difficult to accurately distinguish based on morphological characters. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of antennal sensory organs to distinguish these two species. Additionally, we investigated their ability to mate in cages of different sizes, as well as the possible mechanism(s) that evokes stenogamous behavior.MethodsLarge sensilla coeloconica present on the antennae of females of An. minimus and An. harrisoni were counted under a conventional light microscope and various types of antennal sensilla were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Determinations of mating ability were carried out in 20 and 30 cm3 cages with a density resting surface (DRS) of 7.2. The insemination rate, frequency of clasper (gonocoxopodite) movement of the male genitalia during induced copulation and duration of mating of the two species were compared.ResultsThe mean numbers of large sensilla coeloconica on antennal flagellomeres 1–8 and the mean number of large sensilla coeloconica on each flagellum in An. minimus (26.25) and An. harrisoni (31.98) were significantly different. Females of both species bear five types of antennal sensilla: chaetica, trichodea, basiconica, coeloconica and ampullacea. Marked differences in the structure of the large sensilla coeloconica were observed between the two species. Furthermore, only An. minimus could copulate naturally in the small cages. The frequency of clasper movement in the stenogamous An. minimus was significantly higher than in An. harrisoni, but there was no difference in the duration of mating.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this study is the first to examine and discover the usefulness of large sensilla coeloconica on the antennae of females and the frequency of clasper movement in males for distinguishing the sibling species An. minimus and An. harrisoni. The discovery provides an effective and relatively inexpensive method for their identification. Additionally, the greater frequency of clasper movement of An. minimus might influence its ability to mate in small spaces.

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Scanning electron microscopy of antennal sensilla of the eight Anopheles species of the Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand

et al. 2016

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Antennal sensilla were first investigated in the eight medically and veterinary important Anopheles mosquito species (Anopheles argyropus, Anopheles crawfordi, Anopheles nigerrimus, Anopheles nitidus, Anopheles paraliae (= Anopheles lesteri), Anopheles peditaeniatus, Anopheles pursati, and Anopheles sinensis) of the Hyrcanus Group in Thailand, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Four types of sensilla, including sensilla chaetica (large and small), sensilla trichodea (sharp- and blunt-tipped), sensilla basiconica or grooved pegs (types I, II, and III), and sensilla coeloconica (large and small), were observed on the female antennae of the eight species. The greatest number of sensilla found along the flagellum of all the Anopheles species consisted of sensilla trichodea. Grooved pegs type II were not found on the antennae of An. peditaeniatus. Interestingly, clusters of 10-15 grooved pegs type III, with blunt-tipped and unevenly grooved-lengthwise sensilla, and a sunken group of 7-12 grooved pegs type III, with slightly curved and point-tipped sensilla, were found distally on flagellomeres 3-7 of An. argyropus and An. peditaeniatus, respectively. In addition, the key for species identification, based on fine structure and morphometrics of antennal sensilla among the eight species, was constructed and differentiated successfully. However, in order to focus intensively on the exact function of these sensilla, further electrophysiological study is needed in understanding their significant role in mosquito behavior, especially when these insects seek hosts for transmitting pathogens to humans.

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Comparative Studies on the Stenogamous and Eurygamous Behavior of Eight Anopheles Species of the Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Colonization and Maintenance of Anopheles belenrae and Anopheles pullus From the Republic Of Korea

Colonization and Maintenance of Anopheles belenrae and Anopheles pullus From the Republic Of Korea

An effective method for the identification and separation of Anopheles minimus, the primary malaria vector in Thailand, and its sister species Anopheles harrisoni, with a comparison of their mating behaviors

Scanning electron microscopy of antennal sensilla of the eight Anopheles species of the Hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand

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