Comparative Study of Serum Copper, Iron, Magnesium, and Zinc in Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Proteinuria

Abstract

Trace element (TE) disturbances are well noted in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications. In present study, the effect of proteinuria on serum copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) in T2DM patients with and without proteinuria was seen. Total subjects were aged between 30 and 90 years; 73 had proteinuria, 76 had T2DM with proteinuria, 76 had T2DM, and 75 were controls. Serum Cu(II), Fe(III), Mg(II), and Zn(II) were assayed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Urinary albumin estimation was performed by turbidimetric method. Other biochemical parameters were analyzed by ROCHE Module COBAS 6000 analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P<0.0001 followed by t test. Pearson correlation was applied to estimate the effect of proteinuria on TE. Serum Cu(II) level was increased in T2DM patients with proteinuria while Fe(III) was found elevated in T2DM (P<0.0001) compared to control groups. Zn(II) and Mg(II) were significantly low in proteinuria, T2DM with proteinuria, and T2DM (P<0.0001) compare to controls. Serum Cu(II) showed strong positive association with albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) in T2DM with proteinuria group and T2DM group (P<0.01). Fe(III) was positively and Zn(II) was negatively associated with ACR at P<0.10, in T2DM with proteinuria group. Mg(II) was negatively linked with ACR P<0.01 in proteinuria, T2DM with proteinuria, and T2DM group. TE were observed more disturbed in T2DM with proteinuria group, thus considered to be the part of T2DM routine checkup and restricts the disease towards its progression.

Evaluation of serum ferritin and some metal elements in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: comparative cross-sectional study

“…But, inadequate dietary intake, asymptomatic illness, and poor absorption rate often associated with the decrease of iron and ferritin. Different studies have been showing the increase of serum copper in T2DM patients, while urinary excretion of copper is high 16,18,21,23,26,27,50,51. Our study has shown significant elevation of serum copper concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes than nondiabetes.…”

“…Trace metal elements are very important elements for cellular metabolic reactions, and their deviation from the normal physiologic range may put adverse effect on biological process 16,17. In our finding, the serum concentration of zinc, magnesium, and chromium in patients with T2DM was significantly lower than the nondiabetes study subjects.…”

Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency in Japanese Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis: Comparative Study in Patients on Hemodialysis

“…Alternatively, the rate at which zinc binds to amino acids may increase with decreasing serum albumin levels, and serum zinc levels might also decrease because amino acids that bind zinc are excreted in urine. Therefore, serum zinc concentrations are lower in diabetes patients with nephropathy and proteinuria than in diabetes patients without proteinuria [26,27]. Moreover, it was found that a lower serum zinc level was associated with urinary excretion of albumin-bound zinc in 30 patients on HD [28].…”

Pterostilbene Sensitizes Cisplatin-Resistant Human Bladder Cancer Cells with Oncogenic HRAS

“…Tumor growth was measured with a caliper and an IVIS imaging system (Caliper Life Sciences, Hopkinton, MA, USA). Tumor volume was calculated by using the formula: V = 0.52 × a 2 × b ( a indicating the smallest superficial diameter; b indicating the largest superficial diameter) [ 75 ]. Plasma biochemical parameters, including BUN, creatinine, GOT, and GPT were examined according to the protocol of FUJI DRI-CHEM 4000i (FUJIFILM Corporation, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan).…”