Comparative study of structurally related peptidoglycan monomer and muramyl dipeptide on humoral IgG immune response to ovalbumin in mouse

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New Mannose Derived Immunomodulating Adamantyltripeptides

“…PGM was established as a reference for adjuvant activity in a previously well-defined mouse model in vivo, proven suitable for comparison of the observed effects. 37,38 Ovalbumin was used as an antigen for studying the adjuvant effect of mannosylated adamantyltripeptides in CBA (H-2 k ) mouse strain. The comparison of induced anti-OVA IgG levels was carried out quantitatively and the subclasses of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, as indicator of Th1 or Th2 type of immune response were also determined ( Figure 3).…”

“…31 The relative quantities of antibody subtypes were determined by parallel line assay using appropriate standard preparation. The monoclonal anti-OVA IgG1 was a standard for relative quantification of anti-OVA IgG1 to which 400,000 AU/mL was assigned, while polyclonal mouse serum containing high levels of anti-OVA IgG2a was used as a standard for relative quantification of IgG2a specific antibodies with voluntarily assigned 20,000 AU/mL.…”

Evaluation of toxicity and adjuvant effects of peptidoglycan microspheres orally administered to mice

“…Compared with the blank control, PGN showed increased immune effects as indicated by higher IgG content after day 7 post-treatment. The PGN microspheres showed increased IgG levels after day 14 post-treatment and showed significantly higher IgG levels at day 21 (p50.01), suggesting that PGN may be used as an immunostimulating vector (Habjanec et al, 2010;Candela et al, 2012). PGN microspheres showed a sustained release profile because IgG content increased slowly compared with that of the untreated PGN group.…”

“…In this way, PGN may be viewed as a type of immunoregulator (Halassy et al, 2007). General PGN administration is through an injection route with weak adjuvant activity (Ljevaković et al, 2000;Tomasić et al, 2000;Halassy et al, 2002Halassy et al, , 2003Halassy et al, , 2006Habjanec et al, 2010), which has disadvantages, such as strict sterile instruments and higher toxicity. In comparison, oral administration is convenient and can elicit mucous immune reactions as the PGN passes the gastrointestinal tract (Lubben et al, 2001).…”

Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected Muramic Acid Building Blocks for Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis

“…8 The discovery that the minimal adjuvant active structure of bacterial peptidoglycans is the muramyl dipeptide N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) has generated a great deal of interest in muramic acid derivatives preparation. 9,10 The potential utilisation of a simple and well-defined synthetic adjuvant molecule as MDP, showing maximal stimulation of the immune response but little toxicity and other side effects, has heralded a new era in immunology especially in the field of new vaccine development. 11 Interestingly, SAAs in nature are almost exclusively linked through interglycosidic bonds, not through amide bonds.…”