“…The demand for vegetable oils has increased in the past decades, in part due to population growth (Vasconcelos et al, 2019), boosting the use of these inputs as raw materials in several agro-industrial sectors, such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, paint, and lubricant production (Siddeg & Xia, 2015;Florido et al, 2017;Al Jourdi et al, 2019;Vasconcelos et al, 2019). In addition, vegetable oils have been investigated as an alternative energy source to replace conventional fossil fuels due to the uncertainty regarding the supply of these finite fuels and the environmental problems arising from their use (Moreira et al, 2013;Borugadda et al, 2018;Coutinho et al, 2016;Giuffrè et al, 2016;Guil-Laynez et al, 2019;Singh et al, 2019b). In this sense, the energy produced from biomass, such as biofuel, is more convenient as it is renewable, biodegradable, less toxic, and cheaper (Borugadda et al, 2018;Coutinho et al, 2016;Giuffrè et al, 2016;Biresaw et al, 2017;Guil-Laynez et al, 2019;Singh et al, 2019b;Srivastava & Gaurav, 2019;Chua et al, 2020).…”