Comparative study of the structural and physicochemical properties of two food derived antihypertensive tri-peptides, Isoleucine-Proline-Proline and Leucine-Lysine-Proline encapsulated into a chitosan based nanoparticle system

Abstract

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Application of Box-Behnken experimental design for the formulation and optimisation of selenomethionine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles coated with zein for oral delivery

“…Additionally, this result is in agreement with previous studies, reporting a diffusion and zero order kinetic profile for IPP and LKP loaded CsNPs, coated with zein (Danish et al, 2017a) and that of other researchers, who observed that zein proved to be a good coating for NPs, whereby, the stronger the interaction of the load material (in this instance phenolic monoterpenes) with that of the wall material (zein) was evidenced by its controlled release over time (da Rosa et al, 2015).…”

“…The NP formulations were then concentrated under vacuum (175 mbar) at 40 °C until EtOH was completely removed. To ensure stability of the optimised formulation after lyophilisation, 10 mL of the cryoprotectant trehalose 5 % w/v in H 2 O was added to each formulation and lyophilised for 36 hr (Danish et al, 2017a). 228 229…”

“…In this work, the total cumulative release of SeMet from the zein coated NPs, after 6 hr in simulated gastrointestinal tract environments, was 58 %, indicating that degradation of the NP was slow and thus the mechanism may be diffusion/relaxation oriented. As such, the release kinetics of SeMet NPs, under the SGF and SIF sequential controlled release experiments, were fitted using the following diffusive models derived from swellable systems (Siepmann and Peppas, 2011;Danish et al, 2017a).…”

“…Optimised SeMet NPs were prepared based on 143 the predicted optimum levels of the independent variables of the factorial design. To ensure 144 stability of the optimised formulation after lyophilisation, a cryoprotectant (trehalose) was also included (Danish et al, 2017a). The physicochemical properties, storage stability, cytotoxicity, and the release profile in a simulated intestinal buffer were assessed.…”

Preparation, Bioavailability, and Mechanism of Emerging Activities of Ile‐Pro‐Pro and Val‐Pro‐Pro

“…Furthermore, systemic availability showed XPP (X refers to Val, Ile, and Leu) in a meal in the presence of other macronutrients had a prolonged portal bioavailability of 0.2% to 0.3% (Ten Have et al, 2015); in addition, the permeation of IPP could be enhanced by the medium chain fatty acids (Gleeson, Heade, Ryan, & Brayden, 2015). Danish, Vozza, Byrne, Frias, and Ryan (2017) formulated IPP and leu-Lys-Pro (LKP) into a chitosan nanoparticle to improve permeation. These results revealed the low permeation and low bioavailability of tripeptides can be improved by concomitant intake with meal or formulation with other carriers.…”