Comparative Study on “Long-Dan”, “Qin-Jiao” and Their Adulterants by HPLC Analysis

Abstract

“Long-Dan” and “Qin-Jiao” are two important TCM herbs since ancient times in China. In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the dried roots and rhizomes of four species from the genus Gentiana, e.g. Gentiana manshurica, G. scabra, G. triflora and G. rigescens, are recorded under the name of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma (“Long-Dan” in Chinese), while the other four species from the same genus including G. macrophylla, G. crassicaulis, G. straminea and G. duhurica are recorded and used as the raw materials of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix (“Qin-Jiao” in Chinese). On the basis of the establishment of a validated HPLC–UV method for quantifying simultaneously, five iridoid glycosides, e.g. loganic acid (1), swertiamarinin (2), gentiopicroside (3), sweroside (4) and 2′-(o,m-dihydroxybenzyl)sweroside (5) have been used successfully as chemical markers for the comparison of the species used as “Long-Dan”, “Qin-Jiao” and their adulterants in the present study. The results suggested that four iridoid glycosides 1–4 commonly existed in both “Long-Dan” and “Qin-Jiao”, while 2′-(o,m-dihydroxybenzyl)sweroside (5) also existed as one of the major components in “Dian-Long-Dan” species. Moreover, the contents of compounds 1–5 were various in different “Long-Dan” and “Qin-Jiao” species. Herein, we profiled and compared three “Long-Dan” species, four “Qin-Jiao” species and five adulterants by applying multivariate statistical techniques to their HPLC data sets to establish the differences and/or similarities.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13659-014-0039-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Establishment and application of a new HPLC qualitative and quantitative assay for Gentiana Macrophyllae Radix based on characteristic constituents of anofinic acid and its derivatives

“…Most previous studies focused on the large polar components, which were the similar parts of GMR and GRR (Liu et al, 2014;Zeng et al, 2015), and a good result could not be acquired for interspecies difference. For the identification and correct application of GMR, four species of GMR, GRR, and PDF, one spurious breed of GMR, were collected from market for the study.…”

“…The ingredients of iridoids such as gentiopicroside, loganic acid, swertiamarin and sweroside and so on from the large-polarity portion are normally used as chemical references for fingerprints and quality criteria of GMR and GRR (Duan, Hu, Huang, Yang, & Chen, 2012;Mustafa et al, 2015;Pan et al, 2015;Wu, Zhao, Wu, & Wang, 2016;Zeng et al, 2015). Liu compared GMR and GRR using the difference in the contents of the common components (Liu et al, 2014). Nevertheless, these iridoids are coexisting constituents in all of the genus Gentiana species (Jiang et al, 2005) and could not achieve specific authentication of the genuine from the adulterants (Wei et al, 2012).…”

A bitter herbal medicine Gentiana scabra root extract stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and regulates blood glucose in db/db mouse

“…The selected ion chromatogram results of GS were estimated by the molecular mass. The estimated compounds, are: loganic acid, gentiopicrin, rindoside, and triflorosides, which have been reported as chemical constituents of GS (Ikeshiro et al, 1990;Liu et al, 2014).…”

“…Loganic acid, a bitter iridoid glycoside has been reported as a chemical constituent of GS (Ikeshiro et al, 1990;Liu et al, 2014). We also identified loganic acid from our GS sample through a HPLC-MS analysis.…”

“…According to the Dongeuibogam (Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine), which is registered in UNESCO Memory of the World, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus can be alleviated by a bitter herbal medicine such as GS. GS contains many bitter compounds, such as loganic acid, gentiopicrin, and rindoside, and therefore is frequently used as a stomachic and gastric secreting agent (Calis et al, 1990;Ikeshiro et al, 1990;Liu et al, 2014).…”