Comparative toxic and genotoxic effects of chloroacetanilides, formamidines and their degradation products on Vibrio fischeri and Chironomus riparius

Identification and ecotoxicity of degradation products of chloroacetamide herbicides from UV-treatment of water

“…Alachlor and Metolachlor solar photodegradation products 2,6-diethylaniline and 2-ethyl-6-methylaniline, which were not detected in this study were reported to be 20.9 and 6.3 times more acutely toxic than their corresponding parent compounds, respectively (Osano et al, 2002).…”

“…It was also reported that stable aniline degradation products of chloroacetamides may contribute considerably to environmental risks of pesticide application and that genotoxic effects may arise upon degradation (Osano et al, 2002). Alachlor and Metolachlor solar photodegradation products 2,6-diethylaniline and 2-ethyl-6-methylaniline, which were not detected in this study were reported to be 20.9 and 6.3 times more acutely toxic than their corresponding parent compounds, respectively (Osano et al, 2002).…”

“…Recent examples in the literature have indicated increased toxicity of photolysis products of extensively used herbicides and pesticides (Osano et al, 2002;Friedman et al, 2006;Mestankova et al, 2011;Virág et al, 2007). Experimental median effective concentration (EC 50 ) values for the three selected standard ecotoxicity assays were obtained for solutions of Metolachlor, Alachlor and Acetochlor as well as for mixtures of their photolysis products obtained by UV treatment (until 90 % of the parent chloroacetamides were degraded) and are presented in Table 2.…”

Assessment of the potential toxicity of herbicides and their degradation products to nontarget cells using two microorganisms, the bacteria Vibrio fischeri and the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis

“…24 h-EC 50 has been estimated as 9 mg/L on T. pyriformis (Yoshioka et al, 1985). A toxic effect of this metabolite is also reported in V. fischeri (Microtox test) with a 15 min-EC 50 of 1.1 mg/L, while a genotoxic effect was demonstrated with a dark mutant of V. fischeri (via the Mutatox test) by Osano et al (2002). Tixier et al (2000Tixier et al ( , 2001 showed a toxicity of diuron and 3,4-DCA on both V. fischeri and T. pyriformis and also demonstrated toxicity for the other metabolites D1, D2, D3, DCPMU, and DCPU.…”

“…Acute toxicity values (96 h-LC 50 ) determined on fish range between 1.4 and 19.5 mg/L (Toxnet, 2006). Osano et al (2002) also identified a toxic effect on Chironomus riparius (96 h-LC 50 ¼ 17.14 mg/L) and V. fischeri (Microtox test, 15 min-EC 50 ¼ 159 mg/L). These authors also demonstrated direct genotoxicity (Mutatox test) for this herbicide.…”