Comparing and integrating artificial intelligence and similarity search detection techniques: application to seismic sequences in Southern Italy

Abstract

Understanding mechanical processes occurring on faults requires detailed information on the microseismicity that can be enhanced today by advanced techniques for earthquake detection. This problem is challenging when the seismicity rate is low and most of the earthquakes occur at depth. In this study, we compare three detection techniques, the autocorrelation FAST, the machine learning EQTransformer, and the template matching EQCorrScan, to assess their ability to improve catalogs associated with seismic sequences in the normal fault system of Southern Apennines (Italy) using data from the Irpinia Near Fault Observatory (INFO). We found that the integration of the machine learning and template matching detectors, the former providing templates for the cross-correlation, largely outperforms techniques based on autocorrelation and machine learning alone, featuring an enrichment of the automatic and manual catalogs of factors 21 and 7 respectively. Since output catalogs can be polluted by many false positives, we applied refined event selection based on the cumulative distribution of their similarity level. We can thus clean up the detection lists and analyze final subsets dominated by real events. The magnitude of completeness decreases by more than one unit compared to the reference value for the network. We report b-values associated with sequences smaller than the average, likely corresponding to larger differential stresses than for the background seismicity of the area. For all the analyzed sequences, we found that main events are anticipated by foreshocks, indicating a possible preparation process for mainshocks at sub-kilometric scales.