Comparison Among Commonly Available Infant Formula Milks in the Iraqi Market

Mikhael, Ehab Mudher

doi:10.1177/2333794x15608716

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…For example, breast milk from rhesus macaques and humans comprises a similar overall composition, with the exception of some oligosaccharides not present in rhesus macaque milk (25). Nursery-reared pediatric animals at the TNPRC receive Similac Advance Optigro formula (Abbott Laboratories) designed to match the essential nutrients of (human) breast milk, with additional ingredients used to optimize nutritional content for growing babies (i.e., Docosahexaenoic acid), a formulation that falls within the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines (26). For MR (breast-fed) infants, levels in BUN over time appeared to be influenced by sex with a significant difference in slopes of results between males and females ( Figure 6A, P = 0.0207).…”

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confidence: 99%

Clinical and Immunological Metrics During Pediatric Rhesus Macaque Development

et al. 2020

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Background: Clinical measurements commonly used to evaluate overall health of laboratory animals including complete blood count, serum chemistry, weight, and immunophenotyping, differ with respect to age, development, and environment. This report provides comprehensive clinical and immunological reference ranges for pediatric rhesus macaques over the first year of life. Methods: We collected and analyzed blood samples from 151 healthy rhesus macaques, aged 0-55 weeks, and compared mother-reared infants to two categories of nursery-reared infants; those on an active research protocol and those under derivation for the expanded specific-pathogen-free breeding colony. Hematology was performed on EDTA-anticoagulated blood using a Sysmex XT2000i, and serum clinical chemistry was performed using the Beckman AU480 chemistry analyzer. Immunophenotyping of whole blood was performed with immunofluorescence staining and subsequent flow cytometric analysis on a BD LSRFortessa. Plasma cytokine analysis was performed using a Millipore multiplex Luminex assay. Results: For hematological and chemistry measurements, pediatric reference ranges deviate largely from adults. Comparison of mother-reared and nursery-reared animals revealed that large differences depend on rearing conditions and diet. Significant differences found between two nursery-reared cohorts (research and colony animals) indicate large influences of experimental factors and anesthetic events on these parameters. Immune cells and cytokine responses presented with distinct patterns for infants depending on age, birth location, and rearing conditions. Conclusions: Our results illustrate how the immune system changed over time and that there was variability among pediatric age groups. Reference ranges of results reported here will support interpretations for how infection and treatment may skew common immune correlates used for assessment of pathology or protection in research studies as well as help veterinarians in the clinical care of infant non-human primates. We highlighted Merino et al. Clinical Immunology of Infant Macaques the importance of using age-specific reference comparisons for pediatric studies and reiterated the utility of rhesus macaques as a model for human studies. Given the rapid transformation that occurs in multiple tissue compartments after birth and cumulative exposures to antigens as individuals grow, a better understanding of immunological development and how this relates to timing of infection or vaccination will support optimal experimental designs for developing vaccines and treatment interventions.

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confidence: 99%

Clinical and Immunological Metrics During Pediatric Rhesus Macaque Development

et al. 2020

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“…According to EU legislation, the minimum concentration of 1.2 mg/100 kcal L-carnitine must be present in IF ( 61 ). Mikhael ( 171 ) suggested carnitine is an essential ingredient of IF, and its deficiency can cause anomalies or infections in infants.…”

Section: Formulation Of Infant Formula: Ingredients and Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants’ gut microbiota

Bakshi,

Paswan,

Yadav

et al. 2023

Front. Nutr.

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Human milk is considered the most valuable form of nutrition for infants for their growth, development and function. So far, there are still some cases where feeding human milk is not feasible. As a result, the market for infant formula is widely increasing, and formula feeding become an alternative or substitute for breastfeeding. The nutritional value of the formula can be improved by adding functional bioactive compounds like probiotics, prebiotics, human milk oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, taurine, inositol, osteopontin, lactoferrin, gangliosides, carnitine etc. For processing of infant formula, diverse thermal and non-thermal technologies have been employed. Infant formula can be either in powdered form, which requires reconstitution with water or in ready-to-feed liquid form, among which powder form is readily available, shelf-stable and vastly marketed. Infants’ gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem and the nutrient composition of infant formula is recognized to have a lasting effect on it. Likewise, the gut microbiota establishment closely parallels with host immune development and growth. Therefore, it must be contemplated as an important factor for consideration while developing formulas. In this review, we have focused on the formulation and manufacturing of safe and nutritious infant formula equivalent to human milk or aligning with the infant’s needs and its ultimate impact on infants’ gut microbiota.

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“…24 In a study conducted in Iraq, the Similac formula brand has shown different values, which may indicate that there are differences in the ingredients of the same formula brand between Saudi Arabia and Iraq. 25 This leads us to ask, why are there differences between elements in the same brand in each country?…”

Section: Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Nutritional Values of Infant Formulas Available in Saudi Arabia

Almazrooy

Alturki

Aljohani

et al. 2017

Global Pediatric Health

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Introduction. Optimum growth and development are best achieved by breastfeeding, which is the safest source for infant feeding. Mothers in Saudi Arabia start to breastfeed their infants but soon introduce formula brands. Objective. To assess the safety and nutritional adequacy of the oldest formula brands available in the Saudi market. Methods. An observational study has compared between 5 types of infant formula brands; they were chosen based on their international popularity. Also, they are considered as the oldest formula brands available in the Saudi market. The contents of all the included formulas were carefully collected from their containers. The collected data were compared with the global standard requirements for infant formulas according to the guidelines. Results. All the infant formula brands had their contents within the optimal range as stated by the ESPGHAN (European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition) guidelines. Some formulas did not provide elements like fluoride and nucleotides. Moreover, the mandatory elements and the most dominant ingredient in each formula were documented. Discussion. According to the results of our study, all included formula brands are considered safe and nutritionally adequate. By assuming that the elements that were not found in some brands meant an abnormal value, Bebelac and Liptomil are the most suitable infant formulas available in the Saudi market. Conclusions. Adequate nutrition during infancy is essential in each health organization. The nutritional status of infants should be studied to achieve lifelong health and well-being. All formula brands in this study were found to be safe and nutritionally adequate.

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Comparison Among Commonly Available Infant Formula Milks in the Iraqi Market

Cited by 4 publications

References 45 publications

Clinical and Immunological Metrics During Pediatric Rhesus Macaque Development

Clinical and Immunological Metrics During Pediatric Rhesus Macaque Development

A comprehensive review on infant formula: nutritional and functional constituents, recent trends in processing and its impact on infants’ gut microbiota

Comparison of the Nutritional Values of Infant Formulas Available in Saudi Arabia

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