Comparison and Analysis of Reservoir Rocks and Related Clays

Crocker, M.E.; Donaldson, Erle C.; Marchin, Loïc

doi:10.2118/11973-ms

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In all cases, the total amount of elemental oxides detected was near 100% of the total oxide measured in the sample so that if other ions were present they would be in very small quantities. These data are consistent with a change in porosity after autoclaving because a reduction in silica content indicates a loss in cementation between clays and the grain particles (4). Furthermore, decreases in the amounts of aluminum and potassium in autoclaved core samples are also consistent with a loss in clay content since clays are composed of these elements.…”

Section: Donaldson Personal Communication)supporting

confidence: 78%

“…EDS and SEM. Both electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of sandstone were done as previously described by Crocker et al (4). Three Berea cores (2-by 6-in.…”

Section: Donaldson Personal Communication)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This effect would be especially pronounced if the cores were subjected to a subsequent brine flush as was done when measuring nonstatic porosity. Baking sandstone cores (usually at 600°C) tends to stabilize clays and fines and reduces their movement in the presence of a flowing fluid (4). This may explain why nonstatic porosity did not increase with dry-heated cores.…”

Section: Donaldson Personal Communication)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Sterilization by Dry Heat or Autoclaving on Bacterial Penetration through Berea Sandstone

Jenneman

McInerney

Crocker

et al. 1986

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A study was undertaken to determine why bacteria could penetrate lengths of consolidated sandstone (Berea) faster when the sandstone was sterilized by autoclaving than when dry heat (150°C, 3 h) was used. Changes in permeability, porosity, and pore entrance size of the rock as a result of autoclaving were not sufficient to explain the differences in penetration times observed, but electron dispersion spectroscopy and electron microscopy of the rock revealed changes in mineral composition and clay morphology. Autoclaved cores contained more chloride than dry-heated cores, and the clays of autoclaved cores were aggregated and irregularly shaped. Therefore, the decreases in bacterial penetration rates caused by autoclave sterilization were probably the result of a change in surface charge of the pores of the rock and of a reduction in surface area of clays available for adhesion. The results implied that dry-heat sterilization was preferable to autoclaving when examining biotic and abiotic interactions in a native-state rock model.

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Section: Donaldson Personal Communication)supporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Donaldson Personal Communication)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Donaldson Personal Communication)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Sterilization by Dry Heat or Autoclaving on Bacterial Penetration through Berea Sandstone

Jenneman

McInerney

Crocker

et al. 1986

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…This low value for the surface area suggests that the sample contained little clay. 3 For experiments using consolidated cores, Berea sandstone was cut into 1.5 in. diameter by 4 in.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfactant loss: Effects of temperature, salinity, and wettability

Noll¹,

Gall²,

Crocker³

et al. 1989

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“…Sumner and Mille (1996) presented many methods to determine the cation exchange capacity of a soil. Crocker et al (1983) presented the surface area (m 2 /g) and the cation exchange capacity for Bandera and Berea sandstone samples ( Table 9). The Bandera sandstone has higher CEC and surface area in comparison to Berea sandstone.…”

Section: Rock Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reservoir Connate Water Chemical Composition Variations Effect on Low-Salinity Waterflooding

Shehata

Nasr‐El‐Din

2014

Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference

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Extensive experimental work has indicated that Low-Salinity Waterflooding (LSW) is an enhanced oil recovery technique that improves oil recovery by lowering and optimizing the salinity of that injected water. Most of the LSW studies focused on the injection of brine salinity and composition. The question remains how does the salinity and composition of reservoir connate water affects the LSW performance. Therefore, in this paper different connate water compositions were used (TDS varies from 1550 up to 174156 ppm) to investigate the role of reservoir connate water on the performance of LSW.Nine Spontaneous Imbibition (SI) experiments and six coreflood experiments were performed. Two sandstone types (Bandera and Buff Berea) with different clays contents and stock-tank crude oil samples were used in all the experiments. This work describes experimental studies of SI of oil by low-salinity and high salinity brines using 20Љ long outcrop sandstone samples. This study focused on the effect of connate water composition and temperature, 77 and 160°F, on the performance of LSW. The coreflood experiments have been conducted using 6 in. outcrop Buff Berea sandstone cores at 150°F and 500 psi. Oil recovery and pressure drop were observed and analyzed after each coreflooding experiment to examine the effect of the connate water composition (Na ϩ , Ca ϩ2 , and Mg ϩ2 ) on the performance of the LSW in secondary recovery mode.Reservoir connate water composition and salinity have a dominant influence on the oil recovery rate. The Ca 2ϩ , Mg 2ϩ , and Na ϩ ions play a key role in oil mobilization in different sandstone rocks. Reservoir cores saturated with connate water contained divalent cations of Ca ϩ2 and Mg ϩ2 showed higher oil recovery for cores saturated with monovalent cations Na ϩ . Low-salinity waterflooding showed a high potential to improve oil recovery in the SI experiments at different temperature levels. For high permeability Buff Berea cores, the SI oil recovery ranged from 38 to 69% OOIP, while oil recovery of the low permeability Bandera cores ranged from 17 to 45% OOIP at 77°F and 14.7 psia. As the temperature increased from 77 to 160°F, an additional oil recovery up to 4.2% of OOIP was observed by SI for Buff Berea cores. From the coreflood experiments, low-salinity brine had a significant positive effect on oil recovery for sandstone cores saturated with divalent cations (Ca ϩ2 and Mg ϩ2 ). The magnitude of incremental oil recovery increased from 51.9 to 58.9% OOIP when the reservoir connate water salinity increased from 3,420 to 36,350 ppm. On the other hand, increasing the monovalent cations (Na ϩ ) from 1,550 to 137,670 ppm resulted in slight increase in oil recovery (1.2% OOIP). The oil recovery from the coreflood runs for the Buff Berea cores ranged from 58.9 to 35.9% OOIP. The oil recovery decreased when the salinity of reservoir connate water decreased.

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Comparison and Analysis of Reservoir Rocks and Related Clays

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

Effect of Sterilization by Dry Heat or Autoclaving on Bacterial Penetration through Berea Sandstone

Effect of Sterilization by Dry Heat or Autoclaving on Bacterial Penetration through Berea Sandstone

Surfactant loss: Effects of temperature, salinity, and wettability

Reservoir Connate Water Chemical Composition Variations Effect on Low-Salinity Waterflooding

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