Comparison between Peritoneal Macrophage Activation by Bougainvillea xbuttiana Extract and LPS and/or Interleukins

Abstract

Activation of macrophages may be one of the possible approaches in modulating inflammation. We previously reported that Bougainvillea xbuttiana extract showed an immunomodulatory activity. Here we compare the activation of macrophages exposed to B. xbuttiana extract and compare it with the other treatments such as LPS, IL-4, and IL-10. The cytotoxic effect of extract on peritoneal macrophages was determined by the technique of violet crystal staining. To verify the activation of macrophages we used the tests of vacuolization, hydrogen peroxide production, and percentages of cellular expansion and phagocytosis. The levels of interleukins secreted by macrophages treated with the extract, LPS, and cytokines were determined by the biological assay for the determination of TNF levels and by ELISA for all other interleukins. NO levels were evaluated by colorimetric reactions using Griess reagent. Our results showed that B. xbuttiana extract induced (a) low cytotoxicity percentages, (b) increased vacuolization, hydrogen peroxide production and cell expansion and phagocytosis percentages, and (c) decreased production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 and potentiated production of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β. These results suggest that B. xbuttiana extract was able to activate the murine macrophages in a manner similar to those macrophages exposed to IL-4 and IL-10.

Extract fromBougainvillea xbuttiana(Variety Orange) Inhibits Production of LPS-Induced Inflammatory Mediators in Macrophages and Exerts a Protective EffectIn Vivo

“…The effect of the extract on the secretion of inflammatory mediators produced by LPS-treated macrophages was evaluated in cultures treated with the extract 1 hour before, 1 hour after or together with LPS. In previous studies, we have shown that the viability percentages of the macrophages cultures were between 90% for the first 24 hours and 75% from the 48 hours of exposures (data not shown) [ 10 , 12 ]. In all macrophage supernatants treated with LPS, increased production of proinflammatory mediators was observed.…”

“…We have also demonstrated that B. x buttiana extract has the ability to activate murine macrophages in a manner similar to those IL-4 and IL-10 treated macrophages. The effects of this extract on macrophages were low cytotoxicity, increased percentages of vacuolation, hydrogen peroxide production, cell expansion, and phagocytosis [ 12 ]. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the administration of the BxbO extract was able to inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators in both models, macrophages and serum of LPS-treated animals, and was able to guard the host from LPS-induced death.…”

“…The extract of Bougainvillea xbuttiana (Variety Orange) (BxbO) was maintained, prepared, and standardized as described in patent MX343163B. The chromatographic GC-MS profile of the BxbO extract was previously described by Arteaga Figueroa et al, 2017 [ 12 ].…”

“…The central focus of this study was the Bougainvillea plant, which has recently received increased attention for its effects on the immune system [ 10 – 12 ]. In traditional Mexican medicine, Bougainvillea is used as a treatment in different types of diseases such as fever, headache, diarrhoea, and cough, among others [ 8 ].…”

Identification and characterization of a novel anti-inflammatory lipid isolated from Mycobacterium vaccae, a soil-derived bacterium with immunoregulatory and stress resilience properties

“…2a–c) ( F (1, 111) = 15.20, p < 0.001). This difference was observable as early as 6 h after LPS challenge and was sustained for at least 24 h. We selected the 6-, 12-, and 24-h time points for measurement of IL-6 as previous studies have shown increased IL-6 secretion using LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophage cultures in mice at these time points, with linear increases in IL-6 up to the 24-h time point (Shacter et al 1993; Wollenberg et al 1993; Lin and Tang 2007; Lee et al 2015; Arteaga Figueroa et al 2017). The effect also appeared to be concentration and time dependent.…”