Comparison of 3D vs 2D laparoscopic‐assisted anorectal pull‐through (LAARP) for high anorectal malformations in children

Abstract

Introduction The limitation of two‐dimensional (2D) laparoscopic techniques includes lack of stereoscopic vision and depth perception which can affect surgical performance, physical and mental comfort of the operating surgeon. 3D laparoscopic surgery is popular in adults; however, its application and experience in the pediatric age group have been limited. We did a comparison of 2D and 3D laparoscopic‐assisted anorectal pull‐through (LAARP) in male high anorectal malformations (ARM). Material and Method This prospective cohort study included male children diagnosed with high anorectal malformation (recto‐prostatic urethral fistula) who underwent LAARP in infancy after a neonatal colostomy between November 2019 to March 2020. The patients were randomized into a 2D group or 3D group at a 1:1 ratio. Patient demographics and operative/postoperative parameters were recorded. The effect of 3D laparoscopy was assessed in terms of laparoscopy visual parameters (image quality, depth perception, hand‐eye coordination, and precision), physical discomfort (5‐point Likert scale), and mental strain (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory scale). The statistical tests were performed on SPSS version 16. Results The demographics of both groups, 20 (patients in each), were similar. There was a significant reduction of laparoscopy execution time, physical discomfort (for eye, hand and wrist strain), and overall mental strain in the 3D group. There were similar complications, blood loss, and hospital stay, and no open conversion in two groups. Conclusion 3D LAARP is feasible and safe in the surgical treatment of ARM in children. Further studies with assessment by more than one observer are needed to investigate the wider application of 3D in pediatric surgery.