Comparison of different sampling techniques for the evaluation of pesticide spray drift in apple orchards

Development of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for the determination of pesticides in gaseous and particulate phases in the atmosphere

“…Mean recovery percentages were (95 ± 11) %, (89 ± 6) % and (85 ± 15) % for GFF, XAD-2 and XAD-4, respectively. These values were better than the ones obtained by Superpack 2 resin plus glass wool cartridge extracted with n-hexane/diethyl ether (90:10) for different pesticides [20]. For the same cartridges but with other elution solvents (acetone or ethyl acetate), comparable values were obtained for malathion, the only common pesticide [17].…”

“…Good resolution of peaks and proper relative standard deviation of retention times were found (less than 2%). Since several sensitive operational protocols has been proposed for pesticide determination [17][18][19][20], the injection in split 1:20 and splitless and the acquisition in SCAN and SIM modes were compared. The instrumental sensitivity, or minimum detectable amount value, was calculated as three times the standard deviation of the chromatographic noise from injecting pure isooctane (Table 2A).…”

“…Moreover, standardized analytical methods have also been established for occupational exposure monitoring, e.g., the determination of organonitrogen pesticides in air [14]. With respect to the atmosphere, several studies have reported atmospheric concentrations of pesticides after their application in open or confined areas [6,[15][16][17][18] and individual values or temporal series in different locations -agricultural, urban and rural areas - [10,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

Assessing the transfer of pesticides to the atmosphere during and after application. Development of a multiresidue method using adsorption on Tenax and thermal desorption-GC/MS

“…A deposition profile was observed for the sampling period between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 a.m. These gradients were successfully used to determine volatilisation fluxes from the treated parcel, and microclimatic factors were used to explain these observations [52].…”

A New Technique for Safe Pesticide Spraying in Greenhouses

“…In addition, droplet size depends on operating pressure and nozzle type. Though a large number of models offering various levels of performance are available on the market, many growers base their choices more on economic considerations than on any knowledge of the nozzles' actual technical characteristics (Derksen & Sanderson, 1996) (Briand et al, 2002) (Ade et al, 2003.…”