Comparison of Ionized Calcium-binding Adapter Molecule 1-Immunoreactive Microglia in the Spinal Cord Between Young Adult and Aged Dogs

Chung, Jin Young; Choi, Jung Hoon; Lee, Choong Hyun; Yoo, Ki‐Yeon; Won, Moo‐Ho; Yoo, Dae Young; Kim, Dae Won; Choi, Soo Young; Youn, Hwa Young; Moon, Soo-Mook; Hwang, In Koo

doi:10.1007/s11064-009-0108-4

Cited by 21 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Tillakaratne et al [12,39] reported an increase in GAD67 in the below level of hemisected spinal cord in the cat, and they suggested that increases of GAD67 and GABA synthesis might response to maintain the cells in a default state. We recently reported that, in the aged dog spinal cord, increases of activated microglia, inflammatory cytokines, IFN-c and interleukin-1ß were found without distinct neuronal loss [37]. In conclusion, with other and our results, increases in two isoforms of GAD in the aged lumbar spinal cord may be associated with aged condition in the aged spinal cord.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

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Comparison of GAD65 and 67 Immunoreactivity in the Lumbar Spinal Cord Between Young Adult and Aged Dogs

et al. 2010

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We investigated distribution and age-related changes in two isoforms of GABA synthesizing enzymes, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 and 67, in the lumbar levels (L(5)-L(6)) of the dog spinal cord. Male German shepherds were used at 1-2 years (young adult dogs) and 10-12 years (aged dogs) of age. GAD65 immunoreaction was observed in neuropil, not in cell bodies, in all laminae of the adult lumbar spinal cord: Many punctate GAD65-immunoreactive structures were shown in all laminae. The density of GAD65 immunoreactive structures was highest in laminae I-III, and lowest in lamina VII. In the aged dog, the distribution pattern of GAD65 immunoreactivity was similar to that in the adult dog; however the density of GAD65-immunoreactive structures and its protein levels were significantly increased in the aged lumbar spinal cord. GAD67 immunoreaction in the adult dog was also distributed in all laminae of the lumbar spinal cord like GAD65; however, we found that small GAD67-immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in laminae II, III and VIII. In the aged dogs, GAD67 immunoreactivity and its protein levels were also increased compared to those in the adult group. In conclusion, our results indicate that the distribution of GAD65-immunoreactive structures is different from GAD67-immunoreactive structures and that their immunoreactivity in the aged dogs is much higher than the adult dogs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…It was reported that no significant neuronal loss was examined in the spinal cord of aged dogs [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Comparison of GAD65 and 67 Immunoreactivity in the Lumbar Spinal Cord Between Young Adult and Aged Dogs

et al. 2010

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“…Two different antibodies against Iba1 have been used. The first one was obtained from Wako and recognizes a single band of about 17 kDa on Western blot, as expected for Iba1 (Chung et al, 2010;Deren et al, 2010). The second one was the polyclonal ab5076 Iba1 antibody from ABCAM.…”

Section: Immunostainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of invasion of the embryonic mouse spinal cord by microglial cells at the time of the onset of functional neuronal networks

Rigato

Buckinx

Le-Corronc

et al. 2011

Glia

131

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Microglial cells invade the central nervous system during embryonic development, but their developmental functional roles in vivo remain largely unknown. Accordingly, their invasion pattern during early embryonic development is still poorly understood. To address this issue, we analyzed the initial developmental pattern of microglial cell invasion in the spinal cord of CX3CR1-eGFP mouse embryos using immunohistochemistry. Microglial cells began to invade the mouse embryonic spinal cord at a developmental period corresponding to the onset of spontaneous electrical activity and of synaptogenesis. Microglial cells reached the spinal cord through the peripheral vasculature and began to invade the parenchyma at 11.5 days of embryonic age (E11.5). Remarkably, at E12.5, activated microglial cells aggregated in the dorsolateral region close to terminals of dying dorsal root ganglia neurons. At E13.5, microglial cells in the ventral marginal zone interacted with radial glial cells, whereas ramified microglial cells within the parenchyma interacted with growing capillaries. At this age, activated microglial cells (Mac-2 staining) also accumulated within the lateral motor columns at the onset of the developmental cell death of motoneurons. This cell aggregation was still observed at E14.5, but microglial cells no longer expressed Mac-2. At E15.5, microglial cells were randomly distributed within the parenchyma. Our results provide the essential basis for further studies on the role of microglial cells in the early development of spinal cord neuronal networks in vivo.

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“…In both adult and aged groups, we found that the staining pattern and number of NeuN (a marker for neurons) immunoreactive neurons were similar in both groups [27][28][29].…”

Section: Neun Immunoreactivitymentioning

confidence: 72%

“…These animals, which have given three paper [27][28][29], did not show any clinical nor any other signs in neural disorders. The handling and the care of the animals conformed to the guidelines established in order to comply with current international laws and policies (NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, NIH Publication No.…”

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Increased Immunoreactivities of Cleaved αII-Spectrin and Cleaved Caspase-3 in the Aged Dog Spinal Cord

et al. 2011

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The activation of caspase-3 is considered to be a reliable marker for apoptotic cell death, and a 120-kDa fragment of αII-spectrin is generated by caspase-3 mediated cleavage of this structural protein. In the present study, we compared cleaved αII-spectrin (120-kDa) and cleaved caspase-3-immunoreactive cells and their protein levels in the cervical (C₅-C₆) and lumbar (L₃-L₄) levels of the spinal cord in adult (1-2 year-old) and aged (10-12 year-old) dogs (German shepherds). Weak cleaved αII-spectrin and cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity was found in neurons of the adult group; however, their immunoreactivity was distinctively increased in the neuronal cytoplasm in the aged group compared to those in the adult group, although the distribution pattern of their neurons was similar between the adult and age group. In addition, cleaved αII-spectrin and cleaved caspase-3 levels in the aged spinal cord were markedly increased compared to those in the adult group. These findings suggest that the increases of cleaved αII-spectrin and cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity may be related to aging of the spinal cord in dogs.

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Comparison of Ionized Calcium-binding Adapter Molecule 1-Immunoreactive Microglia in the Spinal Cord Between Young Adult and Aged Dogs

Cited by 21 publications

References 35 publications

Comparison of GAD65 and 67 Immunoreactivity in the Lumbar Spinal Cord Between Young Adult and Aged Dogs

Comparison of GAD65 and 67 Immunoreactivity in the Lumbar Spinal Cord Between Young Adult and Aged Dogs

Pattern of invasion of the embryonic mouse spinal cord by microglial cells at the time of the onset of functional neuronal networks

Increased Immunoreactivities of Cleaved αII-Spectrin and Cleaved Caspase-3 in the Aged Dog Spinal Cord

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