Comparison of Mixing Technologies for the Production of Concentrated Emulsions

Fradette, Louis; Brocart, Benjamin; Tanguy, Philippe A.

doi:10.1205/cherd06015

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Different designs of static mixers are available commercially, and the most widely used are Kenics® helical mixer from Chemineer (Berkman and Calabrese, 1988;Chen and Libby, 1978;Haas, 1987;Middleman, 1974;Yamamoto et al, 2007) and more recently SMV ® (Paglianti and Montante, 2013) and SMX ® static mixers from Sulzer. SMX static mixers were used for mixing miscible fluids, as well as non-miscible fluids (gas-liquid and liquid-liquid), either in laminar (Anxionnaz et al, 2008;Das et al, 2013Das et al, , 2005Fradette et al, 2007;Kiss et al, 2011;Laporte et al, 2014;Legrand et al, 2001;Liu et al, 2005;Rama Rao et al, 2007;Thakur et al, 2003) or turbulent regimes (Anxionnaz et al, 2008;Lobry et al, 2011;Streiff et al, 1997;Thakur et al, 2003;Theron et al, 2010;Theron and Sauze, 2011). SMX+ and SMX static mixers have the same X geometry but in SMX+ the crossed bars are thinner and less numerous which leads to a reduction in the pressure drop to about 50 % compared to SMX (Hirschberg et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drop size distribution monitoring of oil-in-water emulsions in SMX+ static mixers: Effect of operating and geometrical conditions

Chabanon

Sheibat‐Othman

Mdere

et al. 2017

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

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Static mixers provide enhanced mixing via a motionless element inside a rigid pipe, and are widely used for continuous mixing and blending in industry. This study focuses on the emulsification of a silicon oil-in-water system stabilized by a surfactant through SMX+ ® static mixers involving no mass transfer between the two phases. The experiments covered a large domain of dispersed fraction from dilute conditions (5 %vol.) up to concentrated ones (60 %vol.) close to phase inversion and three different viscosities from 20 to 350 mPa s with transitional or turbulent flow regimes. The number of static mixers was studied until a constant drop size distribution monitored at line with a video probe was obtained. With the considered flow rates, only the five first SMX+ elements were necessary to achieve a complete drop breakup and coalescence equilibrium, the following ones only causing a supplementary pressure drop. The influence of the number of SMX+ and energy dissipation rate was found to be of first order

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drop size distribution monitoring of oil-in-water emulsions in SMX+ static mixers: Effect of operating and geometrical conditions

Chabanon

Sheibat‐Othman

Mdere

et al. 2017

International Journal of Multiphase Flow

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“…This is mainly because emulsified systems improve the combustion efficiency effectively and significantly . For example, commercial products have been emulsified with mixtures of nonionic surfactants and used in Europe as transportation fuels …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Stabilized by Carboxymethylated Lignins: Properties and Energy Prospects

Willoughby

Rojas

2016

ChemSusChem

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We take advantage of the amphiphilic properties of technical lignin macromolecules and their inherent high calorific values to formulate oil-in-water (O/W) fuel emulsions with high internal-phase ratios. For the oil phase, we used a combustible hydrocarbon (kerosene) with a measured equivalent alkane carbon number of 12. To adjust the balance of affinity with the oil and water phases and their surface activity, pine kraft lignins were carboxymethylated to different degrees, as quantified by (13) C NMR spectroscopy, potentiometric titrations, and zeta potential measurements. Carboxymethylated lignins (CMLs) with a degree of substitution of 30 % displayed a critical aggregation concentration of 3 %. The salinity and pH of the aqueous phase were chosen as formulation variables and adjusted within the Winsor framework. The O/W emulsions were produced by following standard protocols. The drop-size distributions of emulsions with varying pH, degree of substitution, and composition (water-to-oil ratio, WOR) were determined, and the long-term stabilities and rheological behavior of these emulsions were analyzed. Most of the obtained O/W fuel emulsions showed shear-thinning behavior with a drop size of approximately 2.5 μm and were stable for over 30 days. The combustion of the lignins and their respective emulsions was performed, and their higher heating values (HHVs) were quantified. The HHVs of CML and a high-internal-phase (WOR=30:70) O/W emulsion were 20 and 30 MJ kg(-1) , respectively. Overall, we propose the stabilization of O/W fuel emulsions by lignin as an important avenue in the utilization of this abundant biomacromolecule.

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“…The amount of energy needed to form a certain type of emulsion is fairly large, due to the fact that most of the energy is lost as heat (thermal dissipation) or converted into momentum for phase contacting (hydrodynamic mixing) (Walstra, 1993). The challenge lies in designing mixing equipment that properly utilizes the energy dissipation where it would be most beneficial (Fradette et al, 2007). The mixing of the two liquids (phases) and the result-ing stability of an emulsion can also cause problems with repeatable formation and consistency (Sjögren, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Water-in-Oil Emulsion Atomization Characteristics for Low- And High-Capacity Pressure-Swirl Nozzles

et al. 2011

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Utilizing water as an additive to liquid fuels is a technique that has the ability to lower combustion-generated pollutant emissions and increase combustion efficiency. The present work investigates the atomization characteristics of various water-in-diesel fuel emulsions stabilized with surfactants through a low-flow-capacity pressure-swirl injector. These results were compared to past results where these emulsions were introduced through a high-flow-capacity nozzle. The emulsions, generated by a mixing device, were characterized by their fluid properties and dispersed water droplet size distributions. An experimental test matrix was produced that features different injection pressures, emulsion qualities, and water-to-diesel fuel mass fractions and enables statistical analysis of these three parameters. The results show that viscosity increases with increasing water concentration, while the surface tension remains similar to that of diesel fuel. This implies that an overall increase in the spray's average droplet size should occur; however, the measured results with the current injector show similar droplet sizes compared to those of pure liquids. The average droplet sizes follow the same trends observed when using an injector with 20 times the flow capacity of the present nozzle. For the range of parameters studied, spray droplet size depends primarily on the injector pressure drop, but the amount of water in the emulsion also has a statistically significant effect. Patternation results show a slight change in the spatial composition of the emulsion spray as a function of the injector pressure differential and discrete droplet size of the emulsion.

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Comparison of Mixing Technologies for the Production of Concentrated Emulsions

Cited by 26 publications

References 14 publications

Drop size distribution monitoring of oil-in-water emulsions in SMX+ static mixers: Effect of operating and geometrical conditions

Drop size distribution monitoring of oil-in-water emulsions in SMX+ static mixers: Effect of operating and geometrical conditions

Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Stabilized by Carboxymethylated Lignins: Properties and Energy Prospects

Comparison of Water-in-Oil Emulsion Atomization Characteristics for Low- And High-Capacity Pressure-Swirl Nozzles

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