Comparison of Peak Oxygen Consumption During Exercise Testing Between Sexes Among Children and Adolescents in Taiwan

Tuan, Sheng‐Hui; Chen, Guanbo; Chen, Chia-Hsin; Chen, Yi Jen; Liou, I-Hsiu; Su, Yen-Tung; Lin, Ko-Long

doi:10.3389/fped.2021.657551

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Regarding the correlation between BMI and CPF, boys with normal weight had significantly better CPF than the overweight and obese ones. This finding is in line with a previous study that revealed that non-obese children have better CPF than overweight/obese children [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Differences between Sexes in Cardiopulmonary Fitness among Children and Adolescents with Kawasaki Disease

et al. 2022

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It is known that children and adolescents with Kawasaki disease (KD) can maintain normal cardiopulmonary fitness (CPF) after the disease’s acute stage has subsided. This study aimed to investigate whether gender differences affect CPF in children and adolescents with KD. We retrospectively reviewed a cohort of 204 participants (120 boys and 84 girls) with KD. All participants were instructed to complete a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) adapted to assess their CPF. Based on body mass index (BMI), boys and girls were categorized into groups of underweight (19 boys and 12 girls), normal (62 boys and 59 girls), and overweight (39 boys and 13 girls). Although a similarity in body composition was found among both genders for KD subjects and normal Taiwanese peers, the percentage of overweight subjects was higher in KD boys than the normal Taiwanese boys. When comparing CPF for different BMI groups, the whole KD group showed no discrepancy, but a significantly lower peak VO2 for the overweight KD boys group was observed, representing poorer CPF. In conclusion, girls with KD had better CPF than boys, and gender stereotypes affect sports participation as well as self-efficacy, and may be contributing to poorer CPF in KD boys.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Differences between Sexes in Cardiopulmonary Fitness among Children and Adolescents with Kawasaki Disease

et al. 2022

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“…Girls with obesity defined by BMI did not have a statistically significantly poorer CPF than those with normal BMIs. However, the resulting CPF value corresponded with the conclusion obtained in previous studies when we defined obesity through excessive adiposity by FMI ( 19 , 34 , 35 ). To explain this phenomenon, previous studies indicated that FMI tends to play a better role in describing obesity than BMI among pubertal children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Previous studies in different countries demonstrated that obese (defined by BMI or FMI) children or adolescents have lower CPF than those with normal body weight ( 19 , 34 , 35 ). Researchers even found a strong negative association between CPF levels and BMI in Chinese and Taiwanese children ( 36 , 37 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Studies have also shown that fat mass index (FMI) better classifies body adiposity compared to BMI ( 17 ) and %FM ( 18 ). According to a study on Taiwanese subjects, overweight/obese children were found to present with poor CPF from the age at which they begin attending preschool, and differences in CPF between boys and girls were also noted ( 19 ). The study also found a negative correlation between CPF and high BMI and FMI; however, the FMI correlated more with peak metabolic equivalent (MET) than the BMI ( 20 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differences in Cardiopulmonary Fitness Between Boy and Girls With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Chang

Kuan²,

Chen³

et al. 2022

Front. Pediatr.

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ObjectiveMany studies have demonstrated that patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) have generally poorer cardiopulmonary fitness (CPF). However, little is known about how the disease results in different CPF in each sex. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether sex (and gender) differences affect CPF in children and adolescents with rTOF.MethodsThis retrospective study recruited adolescents and children (aged 10–18) with rTOF following an acute stage of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) who received cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in the past 10 years. CPF was determined by symptom-limited CPET with a treadmill under ramped Bruce protocol. Boys and girls were categorized into groups based on body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (FMI). The BMI was grouped by Taiwanese obesity cutoff points. The FMI was categorized by the body fat percentage. Excess adiposity was defined as (1) “overweight” and “obese” by BMI and (2) greater than the sex- and age-specific 75th percentile of whole subjects by FMI.ResultsA total of 185 participants (104 boys and 81 girls) with rTOF were recruited for the final analysis. Within the BMI category, 76 boys and 63 girls were in the normal group, whereas 28 boys and 18 girls were in the excessive adiposity group. Within the FMI category, 77 boys and 60 girls were in the normal group, whereas 27 boys and 21 girls were in the excessive adiposity group. The analysis of the body composition of rTOF subjects showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the subgroups of the two sexes, but both showed a smaller body size than normal Taiwanese children. When comparing the CPF within different BMI and FMI groups, the children in the excessive adiposity group had significantly lower values in metabolic equivalents (MET) at anaerobic threshold, peak MET, and measured peak oxygen consumption (VO2) to predicted peak VO2, regardless of sex. Moreover, boys (60.90%) presented poorer CPF than girls (74.22%, p < 0.001).ConclusionIn Taiwan, patients with rTOF had poorer CPF than healthy peers. This study found that girls with rTOF had better CPF than boys with rTOF. The effect of gender stereotypes on sports participation and self-efficacy might be one of the contributing factors; however, further investigations are warranted to determine the causal effect.

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“…Similar results were found among CHD boys but not in girls with CHD. Our previous study [ 31 ] suggested the discrepancy in peak VO2 between sexes was noted as early as at preschool age. This study showed similar results in preschoolers with CHD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiopulmonary Fitness of Preschoolers with Congenital Heart Disease: An Observational Study

Chen

Kao²,

Tuan³

et al. 2023

Metabolites

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With advancements in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation over the past few decades, the survival rate of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased. However, the Cardiopulmonary fitness (CPF) of these patients is poor. Here, we aimed to investigate CPF in preschoolers with CHD (aged 4 to 6 years) using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. We retrospectively compared 102 healthy preschoolers with 80 preschoolers with CHD. The latter had lower peak oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption at anaerobic threshold and metabolic equivalent at anaerobic threshold. The same result was observed in boys with CHD, but not in girls, when sex was sub-analyzed. Considering the body composition, children with CHD had a lower fat-free mass index (FFMI) than their healthy peers. Healthy preschoolers with a normal body mass index (BMI) had higher anaerobic threshold and peak metabolic equivalent values than overweight or underweight children. This was categorized under the BMI reference of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan. In conclusion, the CPF difference between the CHD and healthy groups was identified as early as in preschool age, and better CPF in healthy preschoolers within the normal BMI range suggests the importance of weight control in young children.

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Comparison of Peak Oxygen Consumption During Exercise Testing Between Sexes Among Children and Adolescents in Taiwan

Cited by 7 publications

References 49 publications

Differences between Sexes in Cardiopulmonary Fitness among Children and Adolescents with Kawasaki Disease

Differences between Sexes in Cardiopulmonary Fitness among Children and Adolescents with Kawasaki Disease

Differences in Cardiopulmonary Fitness Between Boy and Girls With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

Cardiopulmonary Fitness of Preschoolers with Congenital Heart Disease: An Observational Study

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