Comparison of Plasma Zinc Levels Among HIV+ and HIV- Subjects Infected with Condyloma Acuminata

Abstract

Background:Condyloma acuminata is a type of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in the anogenital area and often associated with immunosuppressive conditions, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Low plasma zinc levels could cause alteration of cellular immunity, leading to reduction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), cytokines required for inhibition of HPV replication. Moreover, low plasma zinc levels could cause disruption of apoptotic regulation, results in the unimpeded proliferation of epithelial cells infected with HPV. This study aimed to compare the mean plasma zinc levels in condyloma acuminata patients with HIV and without HIV infection.Methods:This study used a cross-sectional method, involving 27 condyloma acuminata patients without HIV infection and 18 patients with HIV infection, who agreed to enroll and signed the informed consent. This study was conducted in the dermatology and venereology outpatient clinic in Sanglah Hospital and Kerti Praja Foundation, Denpasar. Bivariate analysis of the characteristics, age, sex orientation, location of lesion, clinical form of lesion, type of cases, duration of condyloma acuminata, age of the first sexual contact, comorbidity, treatment history, and mean plasma zinc level of condyloma acuminata patients with HIV and without HIV infection. The CD4+ cell count and history of ARV treatment were also obtained form patients with HIV infection.Results:A total of 45 subjects were diagnosed with condyloma acuminata, consisted of 27 subjects with condyloma acuminata without HIV infection and 18 subjects with HIV infection, showing average age of 32.04 ± 10.414. Mean plasma zinc levels in condyloma acuminata patients with HIV infection was significantly lower than subjects without HIV infection, and the difference in mean plasma zinc levels was 7.31 µg/dL (95% CI 2.25 - 12.37, p <0.05).Conclusions:The mean plasma zinc levels in condyloma acuminata patients with HIV was significantly lower than those of without HIV infection.

Toxic Metals and Non-Communicable Diseases in HIV Population: A Systematic Review

“…Most of the studies were at risk of sampling bias as none of the studies calculated the sample size, while only two reported the type of sampling technique used, i.e., consecutive [ 29 ] and multistage [ 30 ] sampling. This limits the external validity of their findings and the generalizability of their results.…”

“…All the studies reported on the HIV status of their participants; three of the studies included only HIV positive participants [ 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Only 0.51% of participants of Xu et al (2013) [ 30 ] were HIV-positive, while 66.7% and 40% were HIV-positive in Ma et al (2018) [ 34 ] and Wiraguna et al (2019) [ 29 ], respectively.…”

“…Zinc (Zn): Two of the studies [ 29 , 31 ] investigated the relationship between Zn and the development of condyloma acuminata and advanced liver cirrhosis in HIV-positive patients, respectively, while Li et al [ 33 ] assessed the association between semen quality of HIV-positive men and the concentration of seminal Zn. One of the studies [ 29 ] revealed that the mean plasma Zn levels were significantly lower in condyloma acuminata patients with HIV infection than those without HIV infection, with the difference in mean plasma Zn levels of 7.31 μg/dL (95% CI 2.25–12.37, p < 0.05). Barocas et al [ 31 ] reported that the prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis was similar for those with Zn deficiency compared to those with normal Zn levels (27.7% vs. 23.0%, respectively).…”

HPV infection upregulates the expression of ZNT-1 in condyloma acuminatum

“…In the past ten years, the incidence of CA has shown a linear upward trend among the sexually transmitted diseases in China. 1 The probability of contracting HPV among sexually active persons is higher year by year. 2 HPV virus belongs to DNA virus, and the squamous epithelium of human skin and mucous membrane is important host.…”

“…Zn 2+ is one of the important factors in the enzymatic reaction and transcription process in human physiological activities. 1 , 8 About 10% of human proteins bind to Zn 2+ and participate in physiological processes. 8 Zn 2+ is mainly involved in the development, differentiation and growth of cells in skin tissues which is the largest organ in the human body.…”