Comparison of sampling methods for 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, (HDI) in a commercial spray box

Ekman, Jenny; Levin, Jan‐Olof; Lindahl, Roger; Sundgren, Margit; Östin, Anders

doi:10.1039/b108249c

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The resulted product was quickly washed with DMF by centrifugation. The washing process was repeated for four times to ensure complete removal of the residue reagents (Ekman et al. 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulted product was quickly washed with DMF by centrifugation. The washing process was repeated for four times to ensure complete removal of the residue reagents (Ekman et al 2002). Excess EPs (1 g) were then added, and the mixture was kept in shaking incubator (N-Biotek, GyeongGi-Do, Korea) at 37°C overnight to ensure the full conversion.…”

Section: Eps Immobilization On Mwnt-cooh Via Hdismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/epilson-polylysine nanocomposite with enhanced antibacterial activity

Zhou

Xiang-yang

2010

Letters in Applied Microbiology

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Aims: To develop a new nano‐composite of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with enhanced antimicrobial activity. Methods and Results: A novel antimicrobial nanocomposite [MWNT‐epilson‐polylysine (MEPs)] was synthesized via covalent attachment of epilson‐polylysine on MWNTs with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as the coupling agent. UV‐visible spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR) investigations indicate that MEPs is stable, with epilson‐polylysine leaching effectively eliminated. When compared to MWNTs, the new nano‐composite MEPs exhibits enhanced antimicrobial activities. In 20 mg l−1 suspensions, significant increases of 72·1, 64·5 and 69% against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus can be observed. The deposited film of MEPs also shows improved antibacterial activities and excellent antiadhensive efficacies against Ps. aeruginosa and Staph. aureus. Conclusions: Epilson‐polylysine functionalization of MWNTs with HDI as the bridge was found to be useful for improving the biocidal activity of MWNTs. Significance and Impact of the Study: The new nano‐composite MEPs with improved antimicrobial activity will substantially facilitate the application of MWNTs as the antimicrobial material such as medical device, food, pharmaceutical process and package.

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“…The resulted product was quickly washed with DMF by centrifugation. The washing process was repeated for four times to ensure complete removal of the residue reagents (Ekman et al. 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eps Immobilization On Mwnt-cooh Via Hdismentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/epilson-polylysine nanocomposite with enhanced antibacterial activity

Zhou

Xiang-yang

2010

Letters in Applied Microbiology

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“…(19,22,24,27) Under a simulated spray painting environment, Ekman et al (24) observed no significant difference (α = 0.05) in the performance of closed-face single-stage filter sampler and an impinger when the same derivatizing agent (MPP) was used to quantify HDI monomer. However, we observed a significant difference between the closed-face single-stage filter samplers and impingers containing the same derivatizing agent.…”

Section: Table III Geometric Mean (Gm) Air Levels Of Monomeric and Pmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Several studies (11,12,18,19,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28) have been performed to evaluate and compare some of these sampler types. However, the evidence is inconclusive regarding the suitability and accuracy of these methods for monitoring isocyanate exposure in different settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Comparison of Air Sampling Methods for Monomeric and Polymeric 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate

Thomasen

Fent

Reeb-Whitaker

et al. 2011

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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This study was to critically compared 13 different air samplers for their ability to monitor air exposures to monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the automotive refinishing industry. Using both fast- and slow-drying clearcoat, we tested the following types of samplers: single- and dual-stage 37-mm polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) samplers (open- and closed-face), IOM (with plastic and stainless steel inserts), OSHA42, IsoChek, and WA-DOSH samplers. Midget impingers with frit were used as reference samplers. We observed the PP, PS, and IOM samplers to measure greater levels of HDI monomer and biuret when a fast-drying clearcoat was applied compared with a slow-drying clearcoat. When a slow-drying clearcoat was applied, the open-face PP and PS samplers measured significantly more monomeric and polymeric HDI (2-fold; p < 0.003) than the closed-face PP and PS samplers. We determined that significantly more monomeric and polymeric HDI were measured by impingers (1.3-1.9-fold) compared with single-stage PP/PS (N = 59), dual-stage PP/PS (N = 59), or IOM (N = 24) samplers. However, when stratified by cassette characteristics, the open-face single-stage PP and PS samplers performed equally to the impingers for HDI monomer when a fast-drying clearcoat was applied, and for all analytes when a slow-drying clearcoat was applied. Significantly higher HDI monomer concentrations (1.2-3.1-fold; p = 0.001) were measured with OSHA42 compared with the impinger. The IsoChek did not detect HDI monomer, and of the three samplers analyzed by laboratories other than UNC (i.e., OSHA42, IsoChek, and WA-DOSH), the WA-DOSH was in the best agreement with the impingers. The influence of clearcoat drying time on the sampler's ability to measure monomeric and polymeric HDI emphasizes the importance of the speciation of diisocyanates in chemical analysis and the careful consideration for the selection of the air sampler to be used when measuring exposures during automotive spray painting.

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“…Early methods were based on colorimetric techniques with restricted selectivity and sensitivity [6], while modern analytical approaches focus on derivatization with nucleophilic reagents, followed by liquid chromatographic (LC) separation and photometric or fluorometric detection. In the past decades, compounds containing amine functionalities, such as 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-piperazine (2-MP) [7][8][9][10][11][12], 9-(N-methylaminomethyl)-anthracene (MAMA) [13,14], 1-(9-anthracenyl-methyl)-piperazine (MAP) [15,16], 1-(2-pyridyl)-piperazine (2-PP) [17], and 4-nitro-7-piperazino-benzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBDPZ) [18] were introduced as derivatizing reagents. In recent years, the use of mass spectrometry as a detection technique became more and more important because of its high selectivity and low limits of detection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferrocenoyl piperazide as derivatizing agent for the analysis of isocyanates and related compounds using liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (LC/EC/MS)

Seiwert

Henneken

Kärst

2004

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Ferrocenoyl piperazide is introduced as a new pre-column derivatizing agent for the analysis of various isocyanates in air samples using reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation, electrochemical oxidation/ionization, and mass spectrometry. The nonpolar derivatives can be separated well using a phenyl-modified stationary phase and a formic acid/ammonium formate buffer of pH 3, which yields excellent separations, especially for one problematic group of isocyanates consisting of 2,4-and 2,6-toluylenediisocyanate (2,4-and 2,6-TDI) and hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI). Electrochemical oxidation at low potentials (0.5 V versus Pd/H 2 ) leads to formation of charged products, which are nebulized in a commercial atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source, with the corona discharge operated only at low voltage. Limits of detection between 6 and 20 nmol/L are obtained for the isocyanate derivatives, and calibration is linear over at least two decades of concentration. The method is applied for the analysis of air after thermal degradation of a polyurethane foam, and it is demonstrated that it is suitable as well for the analysis of carboxylic acid chlorides and of

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Comparison of sampling methods for 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, (HDI) in a commercial spray box

Cited by 15 publications

References 22 publications

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/epilson-polylysine nanocomposite with enhanced antibacterial activity

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/epilson-polylysine nanocomposite with enhanced antibacterial activity

Field Comparison of Air Sampling Methods for Monomeric and Polymeric 1,6-Hexamethylene Diisocyanate

Ferrocenoyl piperazide as derivatizing agent for the analysis of isocyanates and related compounds using liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (LC/EC/MS)

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