Comparison of the efficiency between two sampling plans for aflatoxins analysis in maize

Mallmann, Adriano Olnei; Marchioro, Alexandro; Oliveira, Maurício Schneider; Rauber, Ricardo Hummes; Dilkin, Paulo; Mallmann, Carlos Augusto

doi:10.1590/s1517-83822014000100006

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Probabilities associated with the two-tailed Student's t-test (p-value) for the dilution of the working samples (4, 8, 12 and 16%) homogenized in the devices Boerner, 16:1 multichannel splitter and 4:1 multichannel splitter to protect the quality at all stages: reception, storage and expedition. Mallmann et al (2014), studying manual and automatic sampling in the preparation of samples for aflatoxin analysis, concluded that the sampling operation contributed with the highest variability, followed by the stages of sample preparation and analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Classification of grains is based on the comparison of the sample with a regulatory limit, a standard (Whitaker, 2006), which may be official or specific. Sampling efficiency is associated with the variation of the results generated and with the procedures adopted (Mallmann et al, 2013(Mallmann et al, , 2014, which involve sample collection, equipment for homogenization and preparation of the working sample (Whitaker et al, 2011). The phase of homogenization is fundamental and should be conducted with equipment that ensure representativeness of the initial lot.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Size of samples and homogenizers during classification of damaged soybeans

Quirino¹,

Resende

Fonseca

et al. 2019

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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Grain quality determination involves important stages such as collection of the representative sample, homogenization, and dilution. The interrelation among sampling, homogenization, and working sample size is essential to the reliability of the information generated. Therefore, this work aimed to analyse the performance of mechanical homogenizers used in the commercialization of grains in Brazil, as a function of the size of the working sample masses during grain classification. The samples were homogenized and diluted in Boerner, 16:1 multichannel splitter, and 4:1 multichannel splitter until reaching masses of 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100 and 0.125 kg to determine the level of damaged grains. A 3 x 4 x 5 factorial design was used, meaning three treatments relative to homogenizers (Boerner, 16:1 multichannel splitter, and 4:1 multichannel splitter), four dilutions (4, 8, 12 and 16% damaged grains), and five grain sample sizes (0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100 and 0.125 kg) with nine repetitions. The means were compared by Tukey test and to the original means of prepared samples (4, 8, 12, and 16%) by Student’s t-test. Working samples can be utilized with masses between 0.025 and 0.125 kg to classify damaged soybeans grains. The devices Boerner, 16:1 multichannel splitter, and 4:1 multichannel splitter are similar in the reduction and homogenization of soybean samples for different levels of damaged grains and sample sizes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size of samples and homogenizers during classification of damaged soybeans

Quirino¹,

Resende

Fonseca

et al. 2019

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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“…Non-uniformity of the contamination within a grain mass leads to high variability in aflatoxin assessments and results that often conflict with expected norms (Mallmann et al., 2014). The maize used in this study was ideal for addressing the efficacy of hermetic storage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of storage environment on the efficacy of hermetic storage bags

Lane

Woloshuk

2017

Journal of Stored Products Research

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Small hermetic bags (50 and 100 kg capacities) used by smallholder farmers in several African countries have proven to be a low-cost solution for preventing storage losses due to insects. The complexity of postharvest practices and the need for ideal drying conditions, especially in the Sub-Sahara, has led to questions about the efficacy of the hermetic bags for controlling spoilage by fungi and the potential for mycotoxin accumulation. This study compared the effects of environmental temperature and relative humidity at two locations (Indiana and Arkansas) on dry maize (14% moisture content) in woven polypropylene bags and Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) hermetic bags. Temperature and relative humidity data loggers placed in the middle of each bag provided profiles of environmental influences on stored grain at the two locations. The results indicated that the PICS bags prevented moisture penetration over the three-month storage period. In contrast, maize in the woven bags increased in moisture content. For both bag types, no evidence was obtained indicating the spread of Aspergillus flavus from colonized maize to adjacent non-colonized maize. However, other storage fungi did increase during storage. The number of infected kernels did not increase in the PICS bags, but the numbers in the woven bags increased significantly. The warmer environment in Arkansas resulted in significantly higher insect populations in the woven bags than in Indiana. Insects in the PICS bags remained low at both locations. This study demonstrates that the PICS hermetic bags are effective at blocking the effects of external humidity fluctuations as well as the spread of fungi to non-infected kernels.

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“…Sampling directly and only from a "hot zone" will unchain legal events that usually ends in the elimination of a whole feed batch, which is costly for feed manufacturers or importers/exporters [43]. On the other hand, research has demonstrated that the bulk of the variability in mycotoxin analysis comes from sampling [44]. Some papers have focused specifically on aflatoxin sampling.…”

Section: Feed Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Focus on Aflatoxin in Feedstuffs: New Developments in Analysis and Detection, Feed Composition Affecting Toxin Contamination, and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Mitigate It

Granados-Chinchilla¹

2017

Aflatoxin-Control, Analysis, Detection and Health Risks

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Aflatoxins are mold-synthetized secondary metabolites that are capable of causing disease and death in humans and other animals. Aflatoxins hold a prominent place in the discussion on feed safety as are the only mycotoxins with the regulatory framework. Feed ingredients and composition inevitably affect the susceptibility of feed to fungal and toxin contamination. To verify that legal thresholds are being complied, avoiding delivering contaminated feed to animals, and obtain correct prevalence data, analytical methods must be developed which are apt for application on a complex matrix such as animal feed. These methods should include simple screening assays and high-end confirmatory ones. Laboratories without expensive equipment can and should be able to implement methods and to analyze and detect aflatoxins. Aflatoxin contamination is a complex issue that should be assessed interdisciplinarily and farm-to-fork models should be integrated into vigilance. In this chapter, we have devoted some lines to each of the aspects mentioned above focusing on feed aflatoxin contamination.

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Comparison of the efficiency between two sampling plans for aflatoxins analysis in maize

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Size of samples and homogenizers during classification of damaged soybeans

Size of samples and homogenizers during classification of damaged soybeans

Impact of storage environment on the efficacy of hermetic storage bags

A Focus on Aflatoxin in Feedstuffs: New Developments in Analysis and Detection, Feed Composition Affecting Toxin Contamination, and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Mitigate It

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