Comparison of the mouse Embryonic Stem cell Test, the rat Whole Embryo Culture and the Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test as alternative methods for developmental toxicity testing of six 1,2,4-triazoles

Alternative models in developmental toxicology

“…However, metabolites of the two parent compounds did produce adverse effects in the zebrafish assay; the defects produced involved the heart, head, and tail. The results with the triazole compounds will be discussed below [de Jong et al 2011].…”

“…A recent publication compared these three assays to each other and to the results of in vivo tests [de Jong et al 2011]. The authors used the validated rat WEC and mEST protocols along with the zebrafish assay as conducted by Hermsen et al [2011].…”

“…However, these are not always available, may be available only in very limited amounts, and due to their transient Flusilazole Flusilazole Flusilazole Flusilazole Hexaconazole Hexaconazole Myclobutanil Hexaconazole Cyproconazole Myclobutanil Hexaconazole Cyproconazole Triadimefon Cyproconazole Triadimefon Triadimefon Myclobutanil Triadimefon Triticonazole Myclobutanil Triticonazole Triticonazole Cyproconazole Triticonazole Compounds are listed from most potent to least potent in each model system. All data from de Jong et al [2011]. 1 In vivo potencies are indicated by the developmental lowest effect level (dLEL).…”

“…The purpose of this review is to describe three assays that currently appear to have the greatest utility as screens; these assays are rodent WEC, the mEST, and zebrafish. Advantages and disadvantages of each assay, along with a recent comparison of the three assays, will be presented [de Jong et al 2011]. Finally, the topic of the 'gold standard' list of developmental toxicants for validation efforts will be briefly discussed.…”

Assessment of the embryotoxicity of four Chinese herbal extracts using the embryonic stem cell test

“…Comparatively speaking, in vivo tests, based on maternal or embryonic exposure of laboratory animals, are more time-consuming and expensive. In vitro assays, including the whole-embryo culture assay and the micromass assay, offer an alternative to in vivo assessment, although both still rely on embryos (17). Spielmann and Liebsch developed the embryonic stem cell test (EST), an in vitro assay system to determine the teratogenic potential of test chemicals (18).…”