Comparison of two different doses of iodide in the prevention of gestational goiter in marginal iodine deficiency: a longitudinal study

Antonangeli, L; Maccherini, Doretta; Cavaliere, R.; Giulio, Claudia Di; Reinhardt, Barbara; Pinchera, Aldo; Aghini-Lombardi, F.

doi:10.1530/eje.0.1470029

Cited by 98 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This may help explain why, in areas where there is an ID, BMIC is often greater than expected based on the UI concentration of lactating mothers 55,56 . The BMIC is strongly influenced by the mothers' iodine intake 58 .…”

Section: Iodine Intakes During Lactation and Urinary Iodine And Breasmentioning

confidence: 93%

The impact of iodised salt or iodine supplements on iodine status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy

Zimmermann

2007

Public Health Nutr.

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Objectives: Monitoring of iodine status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy is difficult as there are no established reference criteria for urinary iodine concentration (UI) for these groups; so it is uncertain whether iodized salt programs meet the needs of these life stages. Design and Subjects: The method used in this paper was: 1) to estimate the median UI concentration that reflects adequate iodine intake during these life stages; and 2) to use these estimates in a review of the literature to assess whether salt iodisation can control iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women, and their infants. Results: For pregnancy, recommended mean daily iodine intakes of 220-250 mg were estimated to correspond to a median UI concentration of about 150 mg l 21 , and larger surveys from the iodine sufficient countries have reported a median UI in pregnant women $ 140 mg l 21 . Iodine supplementation in pregnant women who are mild-tomoderately iodine deficient is beneficial, but there is no clear affect on maternal or newborn thyroid hormone levels. In countries where the iodine intake is sufficient, most mothers have median breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) greater than the concentration (100-120 mg l 21 ) required to meet an infant's needs. The median UI concentration during infancy that indicates optimal iodine nutrition is estimated to be $ 100 mg l 21 . In iodine-sufficient countries, the median UI concentration in infants ranges from 90-170 mg l 21 , suggesting adequate iodine intake in infancy. Conclusions: These findings suggest pregnant and lactating women and their infants in countries with successful sustained iodised salt programs have adequate iodine status.

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Section: Iodine Intakes During Lactation and Urinary Iodine And Breasmentioning

confidence: 93%

The impact of iodised salt or iodine supplements on iodine status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy

Zimmermann

2007

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Nine RCTs (24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32) and eight observational studies (33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40) were included in the review. Seven RCTs were reported on the effects of maternal supplementation on maternal thyroid function (26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40). Of these, four RCTs also contained data on neonatal thyroid function (27,29,30,32).…”

Section: Study Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…were conducted in European countries, namely Italy (26,28), Denmark (27,31), Belgium (29), Germany (30) and Spain (32). All studies were in the area of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency with median population urinary iodine excretion (UIE) ranging from 36 to 109 mg/l.…”

Section: Maternal Iodine Supplementation and Foeto-maternal Thyroid Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The trials included a total of 641 participants who received various doses of iodine supplementation in pregnancy (nZ370) or served as controls who either received no treatment (nZ174), placebo (nZ24), a lower dose of supplements (nZ35) or iodised salt alone (nZ38) ( Table 1). The median onset of intervention was earlier than 12 weeks in five of the studies (28,29,30,31,32) while follow-up continued into the postpartum in five studies (26,27,30,31,32) (Table 1). Iodine was administered in the form of potassium iodide (KI) preparations, iodine-containing vitamin preparations or iodised salt and one trial included an intervention arm which received KI in combination with levothyroxine (L-T 4 ) (29).…”

Section: Maternal Iodine Supplementation and Foeto-maternal Thyroid Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

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THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Impact of iodine supplementation in mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis

Taylor

Okosieme

Dayan

et al. 2014

European Journal of Endocrinology

137

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Background: Although the detrimental effects of severe iodine deficiency are well recognised, the benefits of correcting mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency are uncertain. Objectives: We undertook a systematic review of the impact of iodine supplementation in populations with mildto-moderate iodine deficiency. Methods: We searched Medline and the Cochrane library for relevant articles published between January 1966 and April 2013, which investigated the effect of iodine supplementation on maternal and newborn thyroid function, infant neurodevelopment and cognitive performance in school-age children. The quality of studies was graded and eligible trials were evaluated in the meta-analysis. Results: Nine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and eight observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Controlled trials on infant neurodevelopment were lacking; gestational iodine supplementation reduced maternal thyroid volume and serum thyroglobulin and in some studies prevented a rise in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. None of the intervention trials recorded an excess frequency of thyroid dysfunction in contrast to observational studies. A pooled analysis of two RCTs which measured cognitive function in school-age children showed modest benefits of iodine supplementation on perceptual reasoning (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.55; 95% CI 0.05, 1.04; PZ0.03) and global cognitive index (SMD 0.27; 95% CI 0.10, 0.44; PZ0.002) with significant heterogeneity between studies. Conclusion: Iodine supplementation improves some maternal thyroid indices and may benefit aspects of cognitive function in school-age children, even in marginally iodine-deficient areas. Further large prospective controlled studies are urgently required to clarify these findings and quantify the risk/benefits of iodine supplementation in regions previously believed to be iodine sufficient such as the UK.

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“…The adverse effects on pregnancy of mild iodine deficiency, typical of industrialised countries, remain unclear. Six controlled trials of iodine treatment in pregnant women with iodine deficiency have been conducted in Europe (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) . Overall, these studies suggest that in areas of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency the maternal thyroid is able to adapt to meet the increased thyroid hormone requirements of pregnancy (27) .…”

Section: Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium on ‘Geographical and geological influences on nutrition’ Iodine deficiency in industrialised countries

Zimmermann

2009

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Iodine deficiency is not only a problem in developing regions; it also affects many industrialised countries. Globally, two billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and approximately 50% of continental Europe remains mildly iodine deficient. Iodine intakes in other industrialised countries, including the USA and Australia, have fallen in recent years. Iodine deficiency has reappeared in Australia, as a result of declining iodine residues in milk products because of decreased iodophor use by the dairy industry. In the USA, although the general population is iodine sufficient, it is uncertain whether iodine intakes are adequate in pregnancy, which has led to calls for iodine supplementation. The few available data suggest that pregnant women in the Republic of Ireland and the UK are now mildly iodine deficient, possibly as a result of reduced use of iodophors by the dairy industry, as observed in Australia. Representative data on iodine status in children and pregnant women in the UK are urgently needed to inform health policy. In most industrialised countries the best strategy to control iodine deficiency is carefully-monitored salt iodisation. However, because approximately 90% of salt consumption in industrialised countries is from purchased processed foods, the iodisation of household salt only will not supply adequate iodine. Thus, in order to successfully control iodine deficiency in industrialised countries it is critical that the food industry use iodised salt. The current push to reduce salt consumption to prevent chronic diseases and the policy of salt iodisation to eliminate iodine deficiency do not conflict; iodisation methods can fortify salt to provide recommended iodine intakes even ifper capitasalt intakes are reduced to <5 g/d.

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Comparison of two different doses of iodide in the prevention of gestational goiter in marginal iodine deficiency: a longitudinal study

Cited by 98 publications

References 29 publications

The impact of iodised salt or iodine supplements on iodine status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy

The impact of iodised salt or iodine supplements on iodine status during pregnancy, lactation and infancy

THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Impact of iodine supplementation in mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis

Symposium on ‘Geographical and geological influences on nutrition’ Iodine deficiency in industrialised countries

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