Competition between spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) under different water supply conditions

Abstract

A pot experiment with an additive design and three series was conducted to test competition between spring barley and Italian ryegrass under different soil moisture conditions. The experimental factors were as follows: 1. type of sowing – mixed sowing and pure sowing; 2. water supply – plants supplied with water to meet their full requirements and 50% water supply reduction. The study covered five phenological development stages (BBCH) of spring barley: emergence (10–13), tillering (22–25), stem elongation (33–37), heading (52–55), and ripening (87–91). The competitive effects were evaluated based on relative yield (RY), relative yield total (RYT), competitive balance (CB), and relative efficiency index (REI). Spring barley and Italian ryegrass competed for resources throughout the growing season. Competition intensity was found to increase until the heading stage, and it decreased towards the end of the growth cycle. More intense competition was observed under reduced water supply. Spring barley dominated over Italian ryegrass from the tillering stage to the ripening stage. In mixed populations, Italian ryegrass captured the available resources more effectively than spring barley from the stem elongation stage until the end of the growing season, particularly in the treatment with optimal water supply

Interactions between spring wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L.) and undersown Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) depending on growth stage and plant density

“…The results of the present study demonstrated a reduction in the negative impact of wheat on clover in the final period of the growing season. This is partly consistent with the data provided by other authors [12,13,17,38].…”

“…The factors of the experiment were as follows: ■ spring wheat and Persian clover sowing method: (i) pure sowing (control); (ii) mixed sowing ■ growth stages -BBCH (their determinant was wheat sown in pure sowing in a pot at the recommended density): (i) leaf development (12)(13)(14); (ii) tillering (21-23); (iii) stem elongation (31-32); (iv) inflorescence emergence (54-56); (v) ripening (87-89) ■ plant density: (i) higher (according to the rules of proper agricultural practice), in this study referred to as "recommended"); (ii) lower (reduced by 20% compared to the previous one).…”

“…The intensity and direction of the above-mentioned changes depend on the choice of partner species (and varieties), the abundance of habitat, plant growth stage, and plant density [12,19]. A series of papers on such interactions between main crops and undersown crops have recently been published [11,13,20]. However, there is little information about this type of interaction between spring wheat and Persian clover throughout the period of their common vegetation.…”

“…They grow together with the main crop and, after the main crop is harvested, their aboveground mass is collected for fodder or (which has been recently most popular) it is incorporated into the soil as green manure. The role of undersown crops in shaping the properties of the agroecosystem is diverse and depends largely on the species of the undersown crop and main crop as well as on abiotic and biotic environmental factors [9][10][11][12][13].…”

Barley competitive ability in coexistence with black oat or wild radish

“…There are several reports of the higher competitive ability of barley with different weeds, with the ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) among them, in the period derived from tillering to the maturation stage (WANIC et al, 2013). The Papaver rhoeas L. and Veronica hederifolia L. biomass was reduced to around 65 and 79%, respectively, due to competition with different barley cultivars and due to the higher competitive ability of the crop (DHIMA et al, 2008).…”