Competition Policy, Trade and the Global Economy: Existing WTO Elements, Commitments in Regional Trade Agreements, Current Challenges and Issues for Reflection

Abstract

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Trade Therapy: Deepening Cooperation to Strengthen Pandemic Defenses

“…A notable example is the European Competition Network (ECN), where competition authorities from all EU member states and the European Commission cooperate to address anticompetitive cross-border business practices. 46 In addition, most RTAs with dedicated chapters on competition policy contain basic provisions to promote cooperation and coordination in competition law enforcement (Anderson et al 2018). For example, Chapter 16 of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) recognizes the importance of cooperation and coordination between national authorities to foster effective competition law enforcement in the free trade area comprising 11 countries.…”

Parallel Trade and Exhaustion of Intellectual Property in WTO Law Revisited

“…However, the linkages discussed also support the case to bring back negotiations on minimal standards on competition law into the WTO and to explore and define the relationship between this body of rules and trade regulation. 109 g. product differentiation Finally, producers may revert to product differentiation mainly in the field of trademark-protected goods. By alternating the physical properties of a product, the presumption of consumer deception using the same trademarks for the same products allows for banning the sale of such products marketed abroad upon importation due to trademark protection under Article 16 TRIPS Agreement.…”

Trade Law in a Data-Driven Economy: The Need for Modesty and Resilience

“…The critical issue of competition policy for the digital economy falls outside the expertise of trade professionals, but it has serious trade implications. 109 Policymakers are reevaluating competition policy in response to digitalization and the data-driven economy. 110 Policy options include regulating property rights in data, 111 blocking oligopolists' expansion through acquisitions that preempt competition, breaking up companies, and regulating oligopolists like utilities or fiduciaries.…”