Complete genome sequences of three newly discovered cacao mild mosaic virus isolates from Theobroma cacao L. in Brazil and Puerto Rico and evidence for recombination

Ramos-Sobrinho, Roberto; Ferro, Mayra Machado de Medeiros; Nagata, Tatsuya; Puig, Alina S.; Keith, Cory Von; Britto, Dahyana; Gutiérrez, Osman A.; Marelli, Jean-Philippe; Brown, Judith K.

doi:10.1007/s00705-021-05063-5

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of ICS 27 and ICS 76 isolates with the recently reported CaMMV isolates in Brazil and Puerto Rico revealed interesting results. Three CaMMV sequences, namely, one complete genome isolate (GenBank accession MW052520) and two isolates of partial cds of the polyprotein gene (GenBank accessions MT253659; MT253660), identified from symptomatic trees of accession RIM 52, have been reported in Puerto Rico [6,24]. These isolates are designated as PR3, PR771ART and PR771BRT, respectively.…”

Section: Sequences Of Amplified Fragments and Their Phylogenetic Relationship To Other Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the molecular characterization of CaMMV and CYVBV provided the first identification of cocoa-infecting badnaviruses in the Western Hemisphere, with recent reports confirming the presence of CaMMV in commercially grown trees in Brazil and Puerto Rico [6], there are several earlier reports of virus-like symptoms in other cocoa growing areas in the region, including Colombia and Dominican Republic [7] and Venezuela [8], and it has been hypothesized that CaMMV and its close relatives may be more widespread than previously thought, both in cocoa germplasm and in cocoa cultivated throughout the tropical Americas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Germplasm

Ullah

Daymond

Hadley

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, is an important tropical perennial crop grown widely in the humid tropics. The exchange of cocoa germplasm between germplasm collections and breeding centres is vital for varietal development. Intermediate quarantine facilities, such as the International Cocoa Quarantine Centre, Reading UK (ICQC-R) play a vital role in ensuring the transfer of germplasm whilst minimising the risk of spreading pests and diseases. Current screening procedures combine visual inspection and molecular techniques, which are effective in detecting Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), a badnavirus, which causes severe losses but are restricted to West Africa. However, the detection of latent or mild virus infections that produce no visual symptoms has been a challenge. Recently two badnavirus species of cocoa producing mild symptoms, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV) and cacao yellow vein-banding virus (CYVBV), have been sequenced. Here, we report new assays for the detection of these two species, for the first time in non-symptomatic accessions. Evolutionary and bioinformatic analyses of the viruses suggest their most recent source was from Trinidad, though there is historic evidence that these viruses may have their origin in South America and then become widespread globally over the last century. We also report a novel colorimetric Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of CYVBV. This simple and accurate method could be employed in field virus testing.

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Section: Sequences Of Amplified Fragments and Their Phylogenetic Relationship To Other Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Germplasm

Ullah

Daymond

Hadley

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…It was believed to have been eradicated following a government-mandated tree removal program in the 1950s until infected material was found in the International Cocoa Quarantine Centre-Reading in Reading, UK, in 2007 [4]. CaMMV was recently reported in Puerto Rico [5] and confirmed in Brazil [6], indicating that the virus is more widespread than originally thought.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) Using Nested PCR and Evidence of Uneven Distribution in Leaf Tissue

Puig

2021

Agronomy

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Distribution of improved germplasm of Theobroma cacao is essential for meeting the increased demand for cocoa beans. In cacao, the introduction of new diseases is prevented by exchanging material through a national and international quarantine system. In 2020, virus symptoms were observed on plants in a quarantine greenhouse, and Cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV) was detected in one plant using published diagnostic primers. However, no virus was detected in other symptomatic plants. To address high pathogen diversity and low virus titer in recently infected plants, a nested PCR test was developed based on 15 CaMMV sequences from Trinidad and Puerto Rico. The test was validated on a subset (n = 30) of plants in the greenhouse, of which 29 tested positive. Most infections are thought to have occurred during the later stage of the quarantine period, possibly due to spread by mealybugs. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of three strains, suggesting that it was introduced on scionwood from multiple sources. Results of PCR assays on different leaf tissues indicate that the virus is unevenly distributed and that petiole tissue should be used in molecular diagnostics. The movement of infected scionwood is a major dissemination pathway for CaMMV but can be managed through careful screening.

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“…Research in Trinidad described two distinct strains, which were recently characterized and named cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV) and cacao yellow vein banding virus (CYVBV) [11]. These viruses were thought to be relatively rare, until CaMMV was detected in Puerto Rico [12] and Brazil [13], and then intercepted in material under quarantine in the USA [14] in the past couple of years. Trees infected with CaMMV experience branch dieback and annual yield reduction of 6.6-19%, comparable to mild to moderate strains of CSSV in West Africa [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isolates of CaMMV that have been molecularly characterized to date have genome sizes just over 7500 bp and are made up of four open reading frames (ORFs); ORFs1-3 and ORFY [11,13]. Although virus particles have not yet been detected in infected tissue, they are assumed to be bacilliform, made up of a double-stranded DNA genome, as is characteristic of members of the Badnavirus genus [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition

Puig

Wurzel

Suarez

et al. 2021

Insects

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Theobroma cacao is affected by viruses on every continent where the crop is cultivated, with the most well-known ones belonging to the Badnavirus genus. One of these, cacao mild mosaic virus (CaMMV), is present in the Americas, and is transmitted by several species of Pseudococcidae (mealybugs). To determine which species are associated with virus-affected cacao plants in North America, and to assess their potential as vectors, mealybugs (n = 166) were collected from infected trees in Florida, and identified using COI, ITS2, and 28S markers. The species present were Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (38%; n = 63), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (34.3%; n = 57), Pseudococcus comstocki (15.7%; n = 26), and Ferrisia virgata (12%; n = 20). Virus acquisition was assessed by testing mealybug DNA (0.8 ng) using a nested PCR that amplified a 500 bp fragment of the movement protein–coat protein region of CaMMV. Virus sequences were obtained from 34.6 to 43.1% of the insects tested; however, acquisition did not differ among species, X2 (3, N = 166) = 0.56, p < 0.91. This study identified two new mealybug species, P. jackbeardsleyi and M. hirsutus, as potential vectors of CaMMV. This information is essential for understanding the infection cycle of CaMMV and developing effective management strategies.

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Complete genome sequences of three newly discovered cacao mild mosaic virus isolates from Theobroma cacao L. in Brazil and Puerto Rico and evidence for recombination

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Germplasm

Identification of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) and Cacao Yellow Vein-Banding Virus (CYVBV) in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Germplasm

Detection of Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus (CaMMV) Using Nested PCR and Evidence of Uneven Distribution in Leaf Tissue

Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Species Associated with Cacao Mild Mosaic Virus and Evidence of Virus Acquisition

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