Complete Genome Sequencing of Two Equine Influenza A(H3N8) Virus Strains Isolated in Kazakhstan

Burashev, Yerbol; Strochkov, Vitaliy; Sultankulova, Kulyaisan; Orynbayev, Mukhit; Sansyzbay, Abylay; Sandybayev, Nurlan; Nurabayev, Sergazy; Savitskaya, Irina; Rock, Daniel L.; Tulman, E. R.

doi:10.1128/genomea.00574-18

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These cases underscore the importance of international/transboundary transport of horses as the primary route of spread of EIV, even in vaccinated individuals, to EIV-free countries. Recent widespread outbreaks of EIV either in horses or donkeys have also been well documented in China [ 27 , 29 ], Kazakhstan [ 30 ], and Malaysia [ 12 ]. Although occasional outbreaks of EIV have been reported in South America in the past, there are pointers to a recent surge in the number of cases over the past few years [ 22 ].…”

Section: Recent Outbreaks Of Eivmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrary to previous studies with other IAV, Quinlivan et al found that, in the case of EIV, the length of the NS1 protein did not correlate with the level of attenuation [ 182 ]. In the EIV strain used in this study, the virus with the shortest NS1 protein [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , …”

Section: Eiv Laivs Based On Truncations Of the Viral Ns1 Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines

Oladunni

Oseni

Martínez-Sobrido

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world’s horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.

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Section: Recent Outbreaks Of Eivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eiv Laivs Based On Truncations Of the Viral Ns1 Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines

Oladunni

Oseni

Martínez-Sobrido

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…Recently, genome of two equine influenza strains namely A/equine/Kostanay/9/2012(H3N8) and A/equine/LKZ/9/2012(H3N8) isolated from Kazakhstan was sequenced completely. It was reported that though the isolates were isolated at the same time there was sequence difference at some points indicating the evolution of equine influence (Burashev et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies

et al. 2018

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Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the prototype member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Wherein, Equine influenza (EI) is the main cause of respiratory illness in equines across globe and is caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV-A) which has impacted the equine industry internationally due to high morbidity and marginal morality. The virus transmits easily by direct contact and inhalation making its spread global and leaving only limited areas untouched. Hitherto reports confirm that this virus crosses the species barriers and found to affect canines and few other animal species (cat and camel). EIV is continuously evolving with changes at the amino acid level wreaking the control program a tedious task. Until now, no natural EI origin infections have been reported explicitly in humans. Recent advances in the diagnostics have led to efficient surveillance and rapid detection of EIV infections at the onset of outbreaks. Incessant surveillance programs will aid in opting a better control strategy for this virus by updating the circulating vaccine strains. Recurrent vaccination failures against this virus due to antigenic drift and shift have been disappointing, however better understanding of the virus pathogenesis would make it easier to design effective vaccines predominantly targeting the conserved epitopes (HA glycoprotein). Additionally, the cold adapted and canarypox vectored vaccines are proving effective in ceasing the severity of disease. Furthermore, better understanding of its genetics and molecular biology will help in estimating the rate of evolution and occurrence of pandemics in future. Here, we highlight the advances occurred in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and pathobiology of EIV and a special focus is on designing and developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and control strategies for mitigating the emerging menace by EIV.

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“…The characteristic clinical signs of influenza virus infection in equines include high fever, cough, and serous nasal discharge, and abortion may occur in pregnant animals. The signs could precede to pneumonia, enteritis, emphysema and even death in untreated cases [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-Length Genome of the Equine Influenza A Virus Subtype H3N8 from 2019 Outbreak in Saudi Arabia

Alaql

Alhafufi²,

Kasem

et al. 2022

Animals

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Equine influenza is a major cause of respiratory infections in horses and can spread rapidly despite the availability of commercial vaccines. This study aimed to screen the incidence of equine influenza virus (EIV) and molecularly characterize the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase from positive EIV field samples collected from Saudi Arabia. Six-hundred twenty-one horses from 57 horse barns were screened for the presence of the clinical signs, suggestive for equine influenza, from different parts of Saudi Arabia. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from each horse showing respiratory distress. Samples from the same horse barn were pooled together and screened for the presence of the influenza A virus using quantitative real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Selective positive samples were subjected to full-length genome sequencing using MiSeq Illumina. Out of the total 57 pools, 39 were found positive to EIV using qRT-PCR. Full-length gene sequences were compared with representative EIV strains selected from the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes revealed that the identified virus strains belong to H3N8 clade 1 of the Florida sublineage and were very similar to viruses identified in USA in 2019, with no current evidence for reassortment. This is one of the first reports providing detailed description and characterization of EIVs in Saudi Arabia. Detailed surveillance and genetic information sharing could allow genetic evolution of equine influenza viruses to be monitored more effectively on a global basis and aid in refinement of vaccine strain selection for EIV.

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Complete Genome Sequencing of Two Equine Influenza A(H3N8) Virus Strains Isolated in Kazakhstan

Abstract: Here, we report the complete genome sequencing of strains A/equine/Kostanay/9/2012(H3N8) and A/equine/LKZ/9/2012(H3N8) of the equine influenza virus belonging to Florida sublineage, clade 2. The strains were isolated in 2012 in the northern and southern regions of Kazakhstan, respectively.

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines

Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines

A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies

Full-Length Genome of the Equine Influenza A Virus Subtype H3N8 from 2019 Outbreak in Saudi Arabia

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