Complete nucleotide sequences and gene organization of mitochondrial genome of Bufo gargarizans

Complete nucleotide sequence and gene arrangement of the mitochondrial genome of the crab-eating frog Fejervarya cancrivora and evolutionary implications

“…Recently, several studies have focused on the phylogenetic relationships among anurans groups, including the above families, with analyses using morphology (Ford, 1993;Inger, 1996;Channing, 1999;Vences et al, 2002;Larson, 2004Larson, , 2005, complete mitochondrial genes (Sano et al, 2004(Sano et al, , 2005Cao et al, 2006;Kurabayashi et al, 2006;Igawa et al, 2008) and combined characters (Frost, 2006;Pramuk, 2006). These previous studies suggest that the family Ranidae is paraphyletic with respect to Mantellidae and Rhacophoridae (Roelants et al, 2004;van der Meijden et al, 2005;Frost et al, 2006;Kurabayashi et al, 2006;Igawa et al, 2008), as also indicated by our ML and BI analyses.…”

“…The region has potential to fold into a stem-loop secondary structure (a 14 base-pair stem and a 13 base loop containing nine consecutive cytosines). The 5′-GCCGG-3′ conserved motif, which was thought to be associated with the transition from RNA synthesis to DNA synthesis (Hixson et al, 1986;Cao et al, 2006), is also found at the base of the stem of tRNA Cys (three nucleotides of the motif are involved in tRNA Cys ).…”

Mitochondrial genome organization and divergence in hybridizing central European waterfrogs of the Pelophylax esculentus complex (Anura, Ranidae)

“…Two genes (ND4L and cytb) possess a TAA stop codon, ND2 and ATP8 end with TAG, COI ends with AGG, and ND6 with AGA. In the other 7 protein-coding genes termination codons are truncated, suggesting that the transcripts of these genes undergo polyadenylation, in which adenines are added to the 3′ ends, producing proper stop codons as in other metazoan mtDNA genes (Cao et al, 2006;Ojala et al, 1981).…”

Complete mitochondrial genomes and novel gene rearrangements in two dicroglossid frogs, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus and Euphlyctis hexadactylus, from Bangladesh

“…Both of these O L s have the potential to form stem-loop secondary structures (a 9 bp stem with an 11 bp loop in H. tigerinus and an 8 bp stem with an 11 bp loop in E. hexadactylus). The conserved pentanucleotide motif (5´-GCCGG-3´), which is thought to be associated with the transition from RNA synthesis to DNA synthesis in vertebrate O L (Hixson et al, 1986, Cao et al, 2006, is found in the H. tigerinus O L , but a G to A substitution (i.e., "GCCGA" ) is observed in the E. hexadactylus O L .…”