Composition and physicochemical properties of Combretum collinum, Combretum micranthum, Combretum nigricans, and Combretum niorense seeds and seed oils from Burkina Faso

Abstract

Combretum collinum, Combretum micranthum, Combretum nigricans, and Combretum niorense are abundant unconventional seed oils of the African savannah. In this study, the proximate, mineral, amino acid, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol compositions of the four seed oils were quantified, and the oxidative and physicochemical properties were investigated. The amino acid, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol compositions were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography respectively. Carbohydrates (57.35%–64.20%) followed by crude oils (20.07%–22.60%), proteins (11.95%–15.86%), and ashes (3.78%–6.19%) were the main constituents of the four seed species. The highest ash, crude fat, and protein contents were found in C. collinum, C. nigricans, and C. niorense, respectively. All four seed species were rich in Ca, K and Mg, and poor in methionine, cysteine, and lysine. The four seed oils had high saponification values (198.46–202.71 mgKOH/g), low acidity (1.12–2.26 mg of KOH/g of oil), and peroxide values (1.19–1.98 mEqO2/kg of oil). The seed oils of C. micranthum and C. collinum exhibited the highest thermal oxidative stability (8.10 and 9.79 h at 160°C). Oleic (40.49%–56.69%), palmitic (15.17%–24.27%) and linoleic (9.49%–14.50%) acids were the predominant fatty acids of the four seed oils. The results showed that the four seed species and seed oils had good chemical composition and physicochemical properties making them suitable for food and non‐food application.

Assessing the Quality of Burkina Faso Soybeans Based on Fatty Acid Composition and Pesticide Residue Contamination

“…Helium was used as carrier gas, injector split ratio 1:50, flow rate 1 mL/min. The FAs were individually identified and quantified using the chromatogram peak areas of previously calibrated external standards [ 39 , 40 ]. A methanolic stock solution (1000 mg L −1 ) of the standards (palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), γ-linolenic acid (18:3), lauric acid (12:0), pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), eicosatrienoic acid (20:3), and erucic acid (22:1)) was available, and fresh dilutions for the working solutions were prepared daily ( Figure 2 ).…”

Combretum micranthum G. Don (Combretaceae): A Review on Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology

“…Phenolic acids are very common and important secondary metabolites in nature. To date, 16 phenolic acids (35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50) Leaves [6] (À )-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavan Leaves [6] Gallocatechin Root [24] Myricetin-3-O-glucoside Leaves [6,23] Myricetin-3-O-rutinoside Leaves [28] Rutin trihydrate Leaves [25,29] Myricetin Leaves [30,31] Hyperoside Leaves [32] Quercitrine Leaves [32] Quercetin-3-glucoside Leaves [27] Baicalin hydrate Leaves [23,28] Vitexin Leaves [6,16,[33][34][35]…”

“…Isovitexin Leaves [6,22,25] Orientin Leaves [6,25] Homoorientin Leaves 43 p-Coumaric acid Leaves [23,27] 44 Furocoumaric acid Leaves [30] 45 Caftaric acid Leaves [32] 46 Caffeic acid Leaves [27,32] 47 Chlorogenic acid Leaves [27,32] 48 Ferulic acid Leaves [27] 49 Sinapic acid Leaves [27] 50 Fatty acids 65 Myristic acid Leaves, seeds [43,44] 66 Palmitic acid Leaves, seeds [43][44][45] 67 Arachidic acid Leaves, seeds [43,44] 68 Lignoceric acid Seeds [44] 69 Margaric acid Seeds [44] 70 Nonadecanoic acid Seeds [44] 71 Stearic acid Leaves, Seeds [43,44] 72 Elaidic acid Seeds [44] 73 Nervonic acid Seeds [44] 74 Myristoleic acid Seeds [44] 75 Palmitoleic acid Leaves, seeds [43,44] 76 Oleic acid Leaves, seeds [43,44] 77 Linoleic acid Leaves, seeds [43,44] 78 Gondoic acid Seeds [44] 79 Eicosapentaenoic acid Seeds [44] Terpenoids 80 Epioxylubimin Leaves [30] Table 1. continued…”

“…Tryptophan Leaves [23] Threonine Seeds [44] Valine Seeds [44] Isoleucine Seeds [44] Leucine Seeds [44] Phenylalanine Seeds [44] Tyrosine Seeds [44] Lysine Seeds [44] Histidine Seeds [44] Aspartic acid Seeds [44] Asparagine Seeds [44] Glutamic acid Seeds [44] Glutamine Seeds [44] Serine Seeds [44] Glycine Seeds [44] Arginine Seeds [44] Alanine Seeds [44] Proline Seeds [44]…”

“…Sesamol Leaves [23] 128 3-tetradecanone Leaves [45] 129 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-Cyclohexane Ester Glucoside Leaves [49] 130 3-Deshydroxysappanol Trimethyl Ether Leaves [50] 131 Megastigmatrienone Leaves [36] 132 Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Leaves [51] 133 2-DimethylAcetic acid Leaves [52] 134 2-(Aminooxy)-Ethanamine Leaves [52] 135 Propargylamine Leaves [52] 136 3,4-Dichlorophenylhydrazine Leaves [52] 137 (Aminooxy)-Acetic acid Leaves [52] 138 Guanidine Leaves [52] 139 N-Cyclohexanecarbonylpentadecylamine Leaves [41] 140 Nonoxynol-9 Leaves [41] 141 Phloionolic acid Leaves [41] 142 C16 Sphinganine Leaves [41] 143 C17 Sphinganine Leaves [41] 144 Thioridazine Leaves [41] 145 α-Tocopherol Leaves [45] Other organic compounds 146 Atavaquone Leaves [31] 147 12-tricosanol Leaves [31] 148 Fenarimol Leaves [31] 149 Malic acid Leaves [33] 150 Oxalic acid Leaves [33] 151 Tartaric acid Leaves [33] 152 Citric acid Leaves [33] 153 Glycolic acid Leaves Minerals 156 Potassium nitrate Leaves [26] 157 Calcium Seeds [44] 158 Magnesium Seeds [44] 159 Potassium Seeds [44] phenylacetic acid (50). Their chemical structures are shown in Figure 3.…”