Composition en acides gras poly-insaturés de notre assiette et utilisation des matières premières agricoles en France : une amélioration lente, mais insuffisante

Abstract

Résumé -Un consensus est établi qu'un apport insuffisant en acide alpha-linolénique (ALA) et un rapport LA (acide linoléique)/ALA trop élevé contribuent à un accroissement de nombreuses maladies chroniques. Pour évaluer l'évolution de ces apports en France au cours des 20 dernières années (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012), nous estimons les quantités apparentes consommées incluant la composition des produits animaux selon leur mode d'alimentation. Nous montrons que les consommations en LA et ALA ont respectivement diminué et augmenté (de 0,72 à 0,94 g/j pour l'ALA) et que le rapport LA/ALA est passé de 18,3 à 12,4. L'évolution observée est cohérente avec celle de la composition du lait maternel. Ces valeurs sont proches de celles obtenues en 2006 par enquêtes auprès d'un échantillon de consommateurs. Elle est discutée au regard des politiques publiques de santé, des stratégies de production agricole et du comportement du consommateur. Ces lentes évolutions suggèrent que des changements radicaux restent nécessaires pour se rapprocher des recommandations (ALA = 1,8 g/j ; LA/ALA 4). Elles questionnent les marges de manoeuvre dont dispose le consommateur pour choisir des produits animaux selon leur mode d'alimentation et les huiles alimentaires selon leurs apports.Mots clés : AGPI/consommation apparente / huiles végétales / prairie / produits animaux / tourteaux Abstract -Polyunsaturated fatty acids composition of our meals and use of agricultural raw products in France: a slow improvement, but not sufficient. A consensus is established that an insufficient intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and a ratio LA (linoleic acid)/ALA too high contribute to an increase in chronic diseases. To assess the evolution of their intake during the last 20 years (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) in France, we estimate their apparent consumption, taking into account the composition of animal products according to their feeding regimes. We show that the consumption of LA and ALA have decreased and increased respectively (from 0.72 to 0.94 g/d for ALA) and the ratio LA/ALA increased from 18.3 to 12.4. This trend is consistent with that of the breast milk composition. These values are close to those obtained in 2006 from surveys of a sample of consumers. It is discussed in terms of public health policies, agricultural production strategies and consumer behavior. These slow changes suggest that radical ones are needed to meet recommendations (ALA = 1.8 g/d; LA/ALA 4). They question the room for the consumer to choose animal products according to their feeding regimes and oils according to their composition.

Trends in agri-food choices for health since the 1960s: the case of fatty acids

“…In both cases, this represented "apparent" consumption, since non-consumable or wasted portions of products were not always included. Based on available literature, Duru and Magrini (2017) estimated that the non-consumable percentage was 10-25% for oils and 25-35% for meats, and that the wasted percentage was 5-10%. However, for these estimates to be consistent with the results of the INCA 2 study, it was necessary to assume that only 80% of the products was ultimately consumed.…”

“…However, for these estimates to be consistent with the results of the INCA 2 study, it was necessary to assume that only 80% of the products was ultimately consumed. Therefore, differences between the two methods can approach 50% if losses and waste are not included (Duru and Magrini, 2017). We expressed results as "apparent" consumption to indicate that losses and waste were not considered.…”

“…Estimates based on FAO statistics show an increase, while those of "Ailhaud, corrected" indicate a decrease. Since 2000, n-6 PUFA intake has decreased and n-3 PUFA intake increased for the INCA studies, breast milk composition, and Duru and Magrini (2017) estimates, resulting in a decreased n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Around the mid-2000s, a substantial gap was observed for the n-6 PUFA level (Fig.…”

“…1). Currently, approximately 40% of milk in France is produced from grass-based rations (Duru and Magrini, 2017), with the remainder produced from rations based mainly on maize and soybeans, the latter decreases the n-3 PUFA content in milk and meat. Apparent per-capita consumption of milk, dairy products and meat in France peaked through the early 1990s (Fig.…”

“…Since France is the largest producer of oleic sunflower in Europe, it is assumed that these imports are almost exclusively linoleic oil. Assuming that 15-25% of the sunflower oil consumed in France is oleic (Duru and Magrini, 2017) results in the estimate that 66-80% of this oil is exported. Inverting the consumption percentages to assume that sunflower oil consumption is 25% linoleic and 75% oleic does not change ALA intake, but it does reduce apparent LA consumption by 4.5 g/day (23%) and decrease the LA:ALA ratio from 12 to 9.…”