Composition of Ethyl Acetate Extracts from Three Plant Materials (Shaddock Peel, Pomegranate Peel, Pomegranate Seed) and Their Algicidal Activities

Abstract

Eutrophication is a worldwide problem in aquatic ecosystems and cyanobacterial blooms can cause severe water quality deterioration due to toxin production, hypoxia, off-flavor problems that lead to illness in animals and humans [1][2][3]. Therefore, the removal of harmful cyanobacterial blooms is a crucial step for the maintenance of safe water supplies and for the safety of aquatic products [4]. Recent years have seen many studies relating to the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from aquatic plants [5][6][7][8], while the algicidal properties of terrestrial plants still get less attention [9]. Up to now, the extracts of many terrestrial plants also show inhibitory effects against cyanobacteria, such as barley straw [10][11][12][13], Chinese traditional medicines [9,14,15], and so on.Pomegranate (Punicagranatum), belonging to the family Punicaceae [16], is one of the oldest edible fruits. It has been cultivated extensively in Mediterranean countries, Iran, India, and to some extent in the U.S. (California), China, Japan, and Russia [17]. Pomegranate peels and seeds Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 4 (2015), 1803-1807 AbstractMany studies have involved the isolation and identification of allelochemicals from aquatic plants, but the algicidal properties of terrestrial plants have received less attention. This study aims to identify allelochemicals of ethyl acetate extracts from three plant materials (shaddock peel, pomegranate peel, pomegranate seed) and to investigate their inhibitory effects on Microcystis aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate extracts of the three plant materials were identified by GC-MS. Finally, 19 kinds of compounds (including organic acids, ester, ketone, sterol, etc.) were obtained and eight kinds of organic acids and N-phenyl-2-Naphthalenamine were proved to be allelochemicals. The inhibitory effects of the ethyl acetate extracts were also explored by M. aeruginosa bioassay. This showed that the inhibition percentages of ethyl acetate extracts of the three plant materials on the growth of M. aeruginosa were 43.9%, 47.5%, and 40.3%, respectively, when the algae were treated at a dosage of 20 mg/L extracts.Keywords: allelopathic effect, shaddock peel, pomegranate peel, pomegranate seed, Microcystis aeruginosa *e-mail: zhanglieyu@163.com **e-mail: shpcheng@foxmail.com DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/36986 as a byproduct of pomegranate processing are about 26-30%, 20% (w/w) of the whole fruit weight, respectively [18,19], and are a good source of secondary products such as tannins, organic acid, polyphenol, and alkaloids [20][21][22]. Shaddock, like other citrus fruits, has a small edible portion and large amounts of waste materials such as peels and seeds, and peels contain considerable phenolic compounds [23]. At present, the polyphenols have shown significant inhibition to the growth of harmful algae. Therefore, these previous results indicate that the shaddock peel, pomegranate peel, and pomegranate seed could be used as an algicide.The objectives of this study are to identify the alle...

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“…Among the solvents used, ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetone seem to be the best for extracting antioxidants, as demonstrated by the results of the DPPH assay (Table ), and other assays, in which the peel extracts prepared with ethyl acetate and methanol, reached significantly ( P < 0.05) better results that the ones with pulps. These results obtained for C. maxima are in agreement with the ones from different species of Citrus (Jayaprakasha et al, ; Klangpetch et al, ; Wang et al, ).…”

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“…(Fam. Rutaceae), also known as Citrus grandis , is the largest species of Citrus and popularly known as pummelo or shaddock (Vijaylakshmi & Radha, ; Wang et al, ). This tropical fruit originates in Southeast Asia but is also found in India, China, Japan, United States, and West Africa (Vijaylakshmi & Radha, ).…”

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