Compositional and stress-optical effects in glass waveguides: Comparison between KNa and AgNa ion exchange

Systematic modeling study of channel waveguide fabrication by thermal silver ion exchange

“…Ag ϩ ion exchange has several advantages relative to K ϩ ion exchange, including lower processing temperatures, shorter exchange times, larger achievable refractive index changes, and the absence of stressinduced birefringence. 2,36,37 Silver ion exchange, however, requires proper glass selection to achieve a very low propagation loss and mode compatibility with standard optical fiber.…”

“…The finesse F and dip D p of a single-arm resonator may be easily computed from Eqs. (34)- (37) where ⌬ FWHM is the full width at half-maximum of the spectral transmittance dip. The spectral response of each resonator was characterized by using a narrow linewidth, externalcavity tunable diode laser source operating in the vicinity of 1550 nm.…”

Modelling the annealing of electric-field-assisted K+-Na+ion exchanged planar waveguides manufactured in soda-lime glass

“…These processes were found to have activation energies of 2.52 eV and 1.55 eV. Calculating τ 0 from the data in [18] gives values of 2 × 10 −13 s and 3.3 × 10 −7 s for the two processes.…”

“…In a recent study into the stress relaxation of a sodalime glass, during the thermal exchange of K + ions, two characteristic time constants were observed [18]. These processes were found to have activation energies of 2.52 eV and 1.55 eV.…”

“…It is well known [16][17][18][19][20] that glass can undergo relaxation processes that result in changes in the stress and, hence, changes in the refractive index profiles of K + ion exchanged guides. Early work on thermally exchanged glass [16,17] attempted, unsuccessfully, to model these changes by assuming a single time constant, relaxation process based on standard visco-elastic theory.…”