Comprehensive Phytochemical Content by LC/MS/MS and Anticholinergic, Antiglaucoma, Antiepilepsy, and Antioxidant Activity of Apilarnil (Drone Larvae)

Abstract

Apilarnil is 3‐7 days old drone larvae. It is an organic bee product known to be rich in protein. In this study, the biological activities of Apilarnil were determined by its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition effects. Antioxidant activities were determined by Fe3+, Cu2+, Fe3+‐TPTZ ((2,4,6‐tris(2‐pyridyl)‐s‐triazine), reducing ability and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging assays. Also, its enzyme inhibition effects were tested against carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I, hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Antioxidant activity of Apilarnil was generally lower than the standard molecules in the applied methods. In DPPH• radical scavenging assay, Apilarnil exhibited higher radical scavenging than some standards. Enzyme inhibition results towards hCA I (IC50: 14.2 µg/mL), hCA II: (IC50: 11.5 µg/mL), AChE (IC50: 22.1 µg/mL), BChE (IC50: 16.1 µg/mL) were calculated. In addition, the quantitiy of 53 different phytochemical compounds of Apilarnil was determined by a validated method by LC‐MS/MS. Compounds with the highest concentrations (mg analyte/g dry extract) were determined as quinic acid (1091.045), fumaric acid (48.714), aconitic acid (47.218), kaempferol (39.946), and quercetin (27.508). As a result, it was determined that Apilarnil had effective antioxidant profile when compared to standard antioxidants.

An integrated multi‐system to screen quality markers of blossom of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. via combining lipid‐lowering and expectorant assays

“…In addition, the type of glucaric acid could be thought as Glu instead of a group of this kind of acid that produced a DPI of 209 Da, then losing H 2 O to formalize 191 Da. Compounds 11, 15 and 21 with same fundamental skeleton of C 15 H 16 O 11 possessed a DPI at 209 Da by the NL of C 9 H 6 O 3 (162 Da), and were definitively identified as caffeoylglucaric acid and its isomers by matching with references and the literature (Inci et al, 2023; Li, Sun, et al, 2021) (Figure S1C).…”

“…The amounts of 45 organic acids were found in BCAVA using the strategic structures of DPIs and NL. In Figure 1 (Inci et al, 2023;Li, Sun, et al, 2021) (Figure S1C). 3.5 | Quantification analysis of BCAVA from different origins…”

Exploring the Chemical Constituents and Nutritive Potential of Bee Drone (Apilarnil): Emphasis on Antioxidant Properties

“…Additionally, apilarnil contains unsaturated fatty acids in both free and bound forms, unique decenoic acids, and some hydrophobic phenolic compounds that are 15-30 times more effective at neutralizing free radicals. [94] Drone brood's capacity to lower oxidative stress is significantly aided by flavonoids and other phenolic substances. [13,17] Apilarnil has high levels of antioxidants and is sometimes referred to as the male version of royal jelly.…”

Romanian Bee Product Analysis: Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, and Molecular Docking Insights

“…Koşum et al (2022), analysing the phenolic/organic acid profile, observed that trans-aconitic acid (11.20 ± 0.32 µg/g) and fumaric acid (5.03 ± 0.41 µg/g) represented the significant compounds [72]. Inci et al (2023) showed that the highest compound concentrations, expressed as mg analyte/g dry extract, were represented by quinic acid (1091.04), fumaric acid (48.714), kaempferol (39.946), and quercetin (27.508) [73]. In contrast, in the present study, it could be observed that ferulic acid had the highest amount, 126.36 µg/g, followed by epicatechin with a concentration of 74.03 ± 1.85 µg/g.…”