Comprehensive phytochemical profiling of American ginseng in Jilin province of China based on ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

Abstract

American ginseng (AG), the underground part of Panax quinquefolium L., is composed of four morphological regions, including main root (MR), lateral root (LR), fibrous root (FR), and rhizome (RH). In the clinical, MR is the main medicinal region, other regions are rarely attention. Aiming at revealing the chemical composition of AG and making better use of AG, screening analysis and metabolomic analysis were both performed to profile MR, LR, FR, and RH. First, in the systematical screening analysis, a total of 134 compounds (including 122 shared components) with various structural patterns were identified and tentatively characterized. The results indicated that the phytochemicals with various structural types were rich in MR, LR, FR, and RH. Second, 6, 4, 8, and 11 chemical markers were identified from MR, LR, FR, and RH, respectively. Seven triterpene saponins (protopanaxatriol, quinquenoside R1, ginsenoside Rc, Rk1, Rg1, Re, and vinaginsenoside R1) might be used for rapid differentiation of four morphological regions. This comprehensive profile study of metabolites illustrated the similarities and differences of phytochemicals in four morphological regions of AG. The results could be used for the quality control of AG and furnish a basis for the further development and utilization of AG sources.

Comparative Characterization of the Ginsenosides from Six Panax Herbal Extracts and Their In Vitro Rat Gut Microbial Metabolites by Advanced Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Approaches

“…Its deprotonated precursor at m / z 841.4961 ([M – H] − ) could dissociate an acetyl group into the fragment ion signal at m / z 799.4866 ([M – H – Ace] − ), and the other fragments were similar to those for 24­( R )-p-F11. Accordingly, we identified compound # 210 as 24­( R )-vinaginsenoside R1 or isomer …”

“…Accordingly, we identified compound #210 as 24(R)-vinaginsenoside R1 or isomer. 40 The above efforts enabled the identification or tentative characterization of 372 ginsenosides, including 164 from PG, 142 from RG, 134 from PQ, 169 from PN, 155 from PJ, and 175 from PJm (Table S4). Figure 4A exhibits the base peak intensity (BPI) chromatograms of PG/RG/PQ/PN/PJ/PJm.…”

Protective Effect of Ethyl Rosmarinate against Ulcerative Colitis in Mice Based on Untargeted Metabolomics

“…The volcano plots could delineate the statistical significance level and the FC difference of each metabolite. Variables with FC > 2 or <0.5, VIP > 1, p < 0.05 were identified as potential biomarkers [39]. The permutation test was carried out to prove the validity of the models in order to promise credible classification results [7].…”

A systematic review of ginsenoside biosynthesis, spatiotemporal distribution, and response to biotic and abiotic factors in American ginseng

“…83 Therefore, the flower bud, fibrous root, and leaves of American ginseng may be regarded as novel sources of ginsenosides. 84,85 Interestingly, the berry/fruit contains higher amounts of ginsenosides Rb3, Rg3, and PF11, whereas the seed contains higher amounts of ginsenosides Rb3, PF 11 , and Rb 1 , 86 indicating that the berry/fruit is a promising resource for the rare ginsenoside Rg3, which has good anticancer effects. 87 Ginsenoside Rb3, Re, and Rd were found to be the primary ginsenosides present in the aerial parts of American ginseng, including the flower bud, leaves, and stem.…”