Comprehensive two-dimensional ion chromatography (2D-IC) coupled to a post-column photochemical fluorescence detection system for determination of neonicotinoids (imidacloprid and clothianidin) in food samples

Abstract

A 2D-IC system was successfully fabricated for clean isocratic chromatographic separations and sensitive post column UV induced fluorescence determination of two NNIs in six complex food samples.

Determination of nitenpyram and 6‐chloronicotinic acid in environmental samples by ion chromatography coupled with online photochemically induced fluorescence detector

“…Recently, ion chromatography proved as an efficient and rapid alternative technique for separation of polar organic analytes apart from inorganic ions due to ionic nature and strong electrostatic force of attraction between polar/acidic analytes and ion exchange column bed. Besides, polymeric based columns have high stability in a wide pH range (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) and are compatible with all solvents [31].…”

Simultaneous determination of acetamiprid and 6‐chloronicotinic acid in environmental samples by using ion chromatography hyphenated to online photoinduced fluorescence detector

“…Their particular characteristics of low toxicity for warm-blooded animals, the wide spectrum of efficiency, selective activity against various insects, and versatility for various agricultural practices have increased the world insecticides market share by up to 25% in 2014 [2][3][4]. This growing use of the neonicotinoids is causing various serious impacts on the ecosystem such as extinct of butterflies, the disappearance of birds, crumple of honey bee colonies, and mammals toxicity are few of them [5][6][7]. Besides, these are also causing direct or indirect adverse effects on consumers health, and risk for wild/honey bees is real [8,9].…”

“…Whereas, conventional HPLC equipped with UV or DAD is a commonly used alternative technique because of its low cost and versatility [3,8,10,14]. But its successful application is impeded by poor selectivity and sensitivity of UV detector for the accurate quantification of neonicotinoids in the sample matrices [6,7,12,19,20]. LC coupled with a fluorescence detector (LC-FLD) is a comparatively simple, cost-effective, sensitive, and selective technique for the high-throughput and accurate quantification of analytes of interest [21].…”

“…But, this multiadvantageous technique can be reinstated by adding a simple and cost-effective postcolumn photochemical reactor in a pre-existing LC-FLD system for the online photoconversion of both nonfluorescent analytes into their respective fluorescent form. This online photo derivatization offers multifold advantages over chemical derivatization, such as online operation, no need of extra solvents and reagents, time-saving, avoiding derivatization labor, minimum generation of waste effluents, highly reproducible, and most importantly entail high intensity of photochemically induced fluorescence (PIF) signals [6,12,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. This postcolumn addition of the photochemical reactor has overcome the problem of the nonfluorescent behavior of neonicotinoids.…”

“…Therefore, hyphenated IC has appeared a well-established and popular technique for the reliable separation of polar organic analytes apart from inorganic and small organic ions [32][33][34][35]. Furthermore, in our previous studies, this hyphened IC-hv-FLD technique was successfully applied for the analysis of many intrinsically nonfluorescent neonicotinoids, including imidacloprid, carbendazim, clothianidin, nitenpyram, and thiacloprid, in various sample matrices [6,12,19,22]. Hence, in this work for the first time, a simple, costeffective, sensitive, and selective method was developed for the simultaneous determination of ATP and its main metabolite 6-CNA from the environmental samples by using a nonsuppressed IC hyphenated to an online postcolumn photoinduced fluorescence detection system (IChv-FD) without using any extra pump.…”