Comprehensive utilization status of red mud in China: A critical review

Wang, Shaohan; Jin, Huixin; Deng, Yong Fang; Xiao, Yuandan

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125136

Cited by 271 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Because red mud contains high alkali content, its piling up in large quantities can seriously cause environmental pollution [ 1 , 2 ], such as land alkalinization and groundwater pollution, which will inevitably affect people’s health. As a major producer of alumina, China emits millions of tons of red mud each year [ 3 ]. Most red mud is stored in open air without any effective use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C-A-S-H Gel and Pore Structure Characteristics of Alkali-Activated Red Mud–Iron Tailings Cementitious Mortar

Zhang

et al. 2021

Materials

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Red mud and iron tailings are representative solid wastes in China, which have caused serious environmental pollution and potential harmful risk to people. Based on the alkali characteristic of Bayer red mud and natural fine-grained feature of iron tailings, these two solid wastes were used as raw materials to prepare alkali-activated cementitious mortar (AACM). The microstructure of C-A-S-H gel, pore structure characteristics, environmental impact and economic potential of this AACM were investigated. The results show that C-A-S-H gel was mainly composed of SiQ3 structure in the 28-day cured AACM. The relative content of SiQ4 structure increased while that of SiQ2 structure decreased as the hydration time advanced from 7 to 28 days, resulting in the increase of relative bridge oxygen value by 11.02%. The pores in the AACM sample accounted for 6.73% of the total volume, and these pores were not connected. The pore distribution was relatively uniform, which supported the good development of mechanical strength for AACM. This research elucidates the formation mechanism of C-A-S-H gels in the Bayer red mud–iron tailings-based AACM. In addition, the lower embodied carbon and material cost demonstrate that the prepared AACM has great environmental benefit and certain economic potential.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C-A-S-H Gel and Pore Structure Characteristics of Alkali-Activated Red Mud–Iron Tailings Cementitious Mortar

Zhang

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…40 As of 2018, China's red mud stockpile has reached 790 million tons. 41 On the basis of the current stock of SAD, China will have millions of tons of residue from SAD recovery. Therefore, the treatment of residue as well as red mud cannot be delayed.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Three Emerging Dross Recovery Processes in China’s Aluminum Industry from the Perspective of Life Cycle Assessment

Zhu

Jin

2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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As a hazardous waste, secondary aluminum dross has troubled the aluminum industry for many years. A coupled life cycle assessment and life cycle costing method was used to evaluate the environmental impacts and economic cost of three emerging processes for recovering secondary aluminum dross in China. The results showed that the ball milling scenario had the smallest environmental impacts, and the alkali scenario had the highest economic profit. These findings could be attributed to the more than 70% lower environmental burden in the ball milling scenario and the alumina worth 1574 ¥ in the alkali scenario. The deactivation of aluminum nitride was found to contribute approximately 29.0−45.0% of the environmental burden and only 5.2−9.7% of the profit. Prerecovery of metal aluminum and use of hydropower were highly recommended. The development of the secondary aluminum industry may help reduce the environmental burden of the three scenarios by 5.8−19.6%, but the difficulty of residue treatment was found to be increased. On the basis of the dilemma of China's aluminum industry and the development trend of dross recovery, suggestions for the aluminum industry and its governance are proposed.

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“…No entanto, a quantidade de cada óxido depende da bauxita original utilizada no processo Bayer e de como o processo foi realizado, e portanto, varia bastante conforme a técnica industrial empregada (Babisk et al, 2020;Silva Filho et al, 2007). É nítido que, independentemente do autor, a quantidade de óxido de ferro foi preponderante e, além disso, a presença desse elemento confere a cor avermelhada característica da LV (Mahinroosta et al, 2020 A lama vermelha contém uma grande quantidade de SiO2, Al2O3, CaO etc., todos os principais componentes do vidro e da cerâmica, portanto, esse resíduo tem potencial na produção desses materiais (Wang et al, 2021). Em geral, a LV se apresenta como um material fino, com tamanho de sua partícula na faixa de 0,1 a 160 µm.…”

Section: Propriedades Físico-químicasunclassified

Incorporação de lama vermelha na indústria cerâmica: uma revisão

Santos

Magalhães

Sobrinho

et al. 2021

RSD

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A lama vermelha é um resíduo proveniente da exploração de bauxita. Nesse contexto, este artigo fornece uma revisão sistemática das pesquisas sobre a adição do resíduo de lama vermelha em tijolos de argila queimados. Composições químicas, materiais e métodos produtivos também são discutidos. São revisadas algumas propriedades dos tijolos como retração linear, massa específica, resistência à compressão e á flexão, porosidade e absorção de água. Além disso são destacadas as propriedades químicas das matérias-primas. Os resultados comuns entre os trabalhos levantados na literatura foram agrupados e discutidos. O reaproveitamento da lama vermelha na produção de tijolos representa uma forma sustentável de promoção de uma economia circular, no qual os resíduos podem ser reutilizados diminuindo a exploração de jazidas de argila. A inserção desse resíduo, em alguns casos, até implica na melhoria das propriedades dos tijolos, bem como uma vantagem produtiva para o setor cerâmico.

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Comprehensive utilization status of red mud in China: A critical review

Cited by 271 publications

References 78 publications

C-A-S-H Gel and Pore Structure Characteristics of Alkali-Activated Red Mud–Iron Tailings Cementitious Mortar

C-A-S-H Gel and Pore Structure Characteristics of Alkali-Activated Red Mud–Iron Tailings Cementitious Mortar

Comparison of Three Emerging Dross Recovery Processes in China’s Aluminum Industry from the Perspective of Life Cycle Assessment

Incorporação de lama vermelha na indústria cerâmica: uma revisão

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